Word Problem For Groups - Algebraic Structure and The Word Problem

Algebraic Structure and The Word Problem

There are a number of results that relate solvability of the word problem and algebraic structure. The most significant of these is the Boone-Higman theorem:

A finitely presented group has solvable word problem if and only if it can be embedded in a simple group that can be embedded in a finitely presented group.

It is widely believed that it should be possible to do the construction so that the simple group itself is finitely presented. If so one would expect it to be difficult to prove as the mapping from presentations to simple groups would have to be non-recursive.

The following has been proved by Bernhard Neumann and Angus Macintyre:

A finitely presented group has solvable word problem if and only if it can be embedded in every algebraically closed group

What is remarkable about this is that the algebraically closed groups are so wild that none of them has a recursive presentation.

The oldest result relating algebraic structure to solvability of the word problem is Kuznetsov's theorem:

A recursively presented simple group S has solvable word problem.

To prove this let ⟨X|R⟩ be a recursive presentation for S. Choose a ∈ S such that a ≠ 1 in S.

If w is a word on the generators X of S, then let:

There is a recursive function such that:

f_{\langle X | R\cup \{w\} \rangle}(x) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 0 &\mbox{if}\ x=1\ \mbox{in}\ S_w\\ \mbox{undefined/does not halt}\ &\mbox{if}\ x\neq 1\ \mbox{in}\ S_w. \end{matrix}\right.

Write:

Then because the construction of f was uniform, this is a recursive function of two variables.

It follows that: h(w)=g(w, a) is recursive. By construction:

h(w) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 0 &\mbox{if}\ a=1\ \mbox{in}\ S_w\\ \mbox{undefined/does not halt}\ &\mbox{if}\ a\neq 1\ \mbox{in}\ S_w. \end{matrix}\right.

Since S is a simple group, its only quotient groups are itself and the trivial group. Since a ≠ 1 in S, we see a = 1 in Sw if and only if Sw is trivial if and only if w ≠ 1 in S. Therefore:

h(w) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 0 &\mbox{if}\ w\ne 1\ \mbox{in}\ S\\ \mbox{undefined/does not halt}\ &\mbox{if}\ w=1\ \mbox{in}\ S. \end{matrix}\right.

The existence of such a function is sufficient to prove the word problem is solvable for S.

This proof does not prove the existence of a uniform algorithm for solving the word problem for this class of groups. The non-uniformity resides in choosing a non-trivial element of the simple group. There is no reason to suppose that there is a recursive function that maps a presentation of a simple groups to a non-trivial element of the group. However, in the case of a finitely presented group we know that not all the generators can be trivial (Any individual generator could be, of course). Using this fact it is possible to modify the proof to show:

The word problem is uniformly solvable for the class of finitely presented simple groups.

Read more about this topic:  Word Problem For Groups

Famous quotes containing the words algebraic, structure, word and/or problem:

    “I have no scheme about it,—no designs on men at all; and, if I had, my mode would be to tempt them with the fruit, and not with the manure. To what end do I lead a simple life at all, pray? That I may teach others to simplify their lives?—and so all our lives be simplified merely, like an algebraic formula? Or not, rather, that I may make use of the ground I have cleared, to live more worthily and profitably?”
    —Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)

    “Who says that fictions only and false hair
    Become a verse? Is there in truth no beauty?
    Is all good structure in a winding stair?
    May no lines pass, except they do their duty
    Not to a true, but painted chair?”
    —George Herbert (1593–1633)

    “One thinking it is right to speak all things, whether the word is fit for speech or unutterable.”
    —Sophocles (497–406/5 B.C.)

    “Theology, I am persuaded, derives its initial impulse from a religious wavering; for there is quite as much, or more, that is mysterious and calculated to awaken scientific curiosity in the intercourse with God, and it [is] a problem quite analogous to that of theology.”
    —Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)