Communities
As per several renowned historians, the Saraswati-Sindhu river was existent in parts of Kashmir, Punjab and Sindh. Punjabi Saraswat Brahmins are one of the most influential communities in Punjab. Approximately 45% of Punjabi Brahmins belong to the Bharadwaja Gotra, a Saraswat Brahmin group which is the same as the one found in Kashmir.The other prominent Gotra in Punjab is Lakhanpal.In addition to main Saraswat gotras such as Bharadawaja and Vashistha, Punjab is also home to the small 'Mohyal' minority, a sub-community within Punjabi Saraswat Brahmins have traditionally been landlords, Dewans, Shahs, and Kings in Northern areas,being the descendants of Dronacharya and were warriors.
The Brahmins of Jammu are known as "Dogra" Saraswats and they too are a sub-category of the larger Saraswat Brahmins. Though ethnically they are similar to the other Saraswats, but culturally and linguistically they are closer to Punjabi Brahmins than to the Kashmiri Brahmins because the Dogra Brahmins speak in Dogri (a language similar to Punjabi) and Kashmiri(Koshur) language and culture is completely different from the Dogra/Punjabi cultures.
Saraswat Brahmins form a great proportion of the Vedic followers in Kashmir, called the Kashmiri Pandits. These Kashmiri Brahmins are thought to be the descendants of Rishi Kashyap and have named Kashmir in his honour. The Kashmiri Brahmins are a mixture of various Pre-Islamic Central Asian, Middle Eastern and Saraswat Brahmin communities. Kashmiri Pandits identify their deity with the Goddess Saraswati, who has been mentioned in the Vedas as the Goddess of learning. Their path to Hinduism is known as Kashmiri Shaivism, which also has significant Buddhist and Zoroastrian influence. The surname of "Pandit" is invariably a Saraswat Brahmin surname and most of them are the Kashmiri Pandits though some Saraswats with this surname are found in other parts of India as well. There are many Muslims in the Valley of Kashmir with surname of Pandit/Pandith as well, indicating that they are fairly more recent converts to Islam (from Hinduism). Many Kashmiri Muslims have still kept their Brahmin surnames of Bhat, Dhar, Reshi (Kashmiri way of saying Rishi), Mattoo, Pandit/Pandith, Raina, Kaul and Reshi.
The Bengali Saraswats (Vaidya-Brahmins) have surnames like Sen Sharma(or Sengupta), Dash Sharma etc. and they are traditional practitioners and teachers of Ayurveda.
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