Proof by contradiction is also known as indirect proof, apagogical argument, proof by assuming the opposite, and reductio ad impossibilem. It is a particular kind of the more general form of argument known as reductio ad absurdum.
-"A proof by contradiction establishes the truth of a given proposition by the supposition that it is false and the subsequent drawing of a conclusion that is contradictory to something that is proven to be true. That is, the supposition that is false followed necessarily by the conclusion from not-, where is false, which implies that is true."
For example, the second of Euclid's theorems starts with the assumption that there is a finite number of primes. Cusik gives some other nice examples. (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ProofbyContradiction.html)
Read more about Proof By Contradiction: Notation
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