Largest Oil Spills
Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged natural ecosystems in Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico, the Galapagos Islands, France and many other places. The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz) but is a limited barometer of damage or impact. Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill because of the remoteness of the site or the difficulty of an emergency environmental response.
Oil spills at sea are generally much more than damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.
| Spill / Tanker | Location | Date | *Tons of crude oil (thousands) |
Barrels (thousands) |
US Gallons (thousands) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwaiti oil fires | Kuwait | 01991-01-24January, 1991 - 01991-11-24November, 1991 | 7005136000000000000136,000-205,000 | 70061000000000000001,000,000-1,500,000 | 700742000000000000042,000,000-63,000,000 | |
| Kuwaiti oil lakes | Kuwait | 01991-01-24January, 1991 - 01991-11-24November, 1991 | 70033409000000000003,409-6,818 | 700425000000000000025,000-50,000 | 70061050000000000001,050,000-2,100,000 | |
| Lakeview Gusher | United States, Kern County, California | 01910-03-14March 14, 1910 – 02012-09-24September, 1911 | 70031200000000000001,200 | 70039000000000000009,000 | 7005378000000000000378,000 | |
| Gulf War oil spill | Kuwait, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf | 01991-01-19January 19, 1991 - 01991-01-28January 28, 1991 | 7002818000000000000818–1,091 | 70036000000000000006,000–8,000 | 7005252000000000000252,000–336,000 | |
| Deepwater Horizon | United States, Gulf of Mexico | 02010-04-20April 20, 2010 – 02010-07-15July 15, 2010 | 7002560000000000000560-585 | 70034100000000000004,100-4,900 | 7005172000000000000172,000-180,800 | |
| Ixtoc I | Mexico, Gulf of Mexico | 01979-06-03June 3, 1979 – 01980-03-23March 23, 1980 | 7002454000000000000454–480 | 70033329000000000003,329–3,520 | 7005139818000000000139,818–147,840 | |
| Atlantic Empress / Aegean Captain | Trinidad and Tobago | 01979-07-19July 19, 1979 | 7002287000000000000287 | 70032105000000000002,105 | 700488396000000000088,396 | |
| Fergana Valley | Uzbekistan | 01992-03-02March 2, 1992 | 7002285000000000000285 | 70032090000000000002,090 | 700487780000000000087,780 | |
| Nowruz Field Platform | Iran, Persian Gulf | 01983-02-04February 4, 1983 | 7002260000000000000260 | 70031907000000000001,907 | 700480080000000000080,080 | |
| ABT Summer | Angola, 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) offshore | 01991-05-28May 28, 1991 | 7002260000000000000260 | 70031907000000000001,907 | 700480080000000000080,080 | |
| Castillo de Bellver | South Africa, Saldanha Bay | 01983-08-06August 6, 1983 | 7002252000000000000252 | 70031848000000000001,848 | 700477616000000000077,616 | |
| Amoco Cadiz | France, Brittany | 01978-03-16March 16, 1978 | 7002223000000000000223 | 70031635000000000001,635 | 700468684000000000068,684 |
a One ton of crude oil is roughly equal to 308 US gallons or 7.33 barrels approx.; 1 oil barrel is equal to 35 imperial or 42 US gallons.
b Estimates for the amount of oil burned in the Kuwaiti oil fires range from 500,000,000 barrels (79,000,000 m3) to nearly 2,000,000,000 barrels (320,000,000 m3). 732 wells were set ablaze, while many others were severely damaged and gushed uncontrolled for several months. The fires alone were estimated to consume approximately 6,000,000 barrels (950,000 m3) of oil per day at their peak. However, it is difficult to find reliable sources for the total amount of oil burned. The range of 1,000,000,000 barrels (160,000,000 m3) to 1,500,000,000 barrels (240,000,000 m3) given here represents frequently cited figures, but better sources are needed.
c Oil spilled from sabotaged fields in Kuwait during the 1991 Persian Gulf War pooled in approximately 300 oil lakes, estimated by the Kuwaiti Oil Minister to contain approximately 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 barrels (7,900,000 m3) of oil. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, this figure does not include the amount of oil absorbed by the ground, forming a layer of "tarcrete" over approximately five percent of the surface of Kuwait, fifty times the area occupied by the oil lakes.
d Estimates for the Gulf War oil spill range from 4,000,000 to 11,000,000 barrels (1,700,000 m3). The figure of 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 barrels (1,300,000 m3) is the range adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the United Nations in the immediate aftermath of the war, 1991–1993, and is still current, as cited by NOAA and The New York Times in 2010. This amount only includes oil discharged directly into the Persian Gulf by the retreating Iraqi forces from January 19 to 28, 1991. However, according to the U.N. report, oil from other sources not included in the official estimates continued to pour into the Persian Gulf through June, 1991. The amount of this oil was estimated to be at least several hundred thousand barrels, and may have factored into the estimates above 8,000,000 barrels (1,300,000 m3).
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