Basic Concept
Modern CPUs operate considerably faster than the main memory they use. In the early days of computing and data processing the CPU generally ran slower than its memory. The performance lines crossed in the 1960s with the advent of the first supercomputers and of high-speed computing. Since then, CPUs, increasingly "starved for data", have had to stall while they wait for memory accesses to complete. Many supercomputer designs of the 1980s and 90s focused on providing high-speed memory access as opposed to faster processors, allowing them to work on large data-sets at speeds other systems could not approach.
Limiting the number of memory accesses provided the key to extracting high performance from a modern computer. For commodity processors, this means installing an ever-increasing amount of high-speed cache memory and using increasingly sophisticated algorithms to avoid "cache misses". But the dramatic increase in size of the operating systems and of the applications run on them has generally overwhelmed these cache-processing improvements. Multi-processor systems make the problem considerably worse. Now a system can starve several processors at the same time, notably because only one processor can access memory at a time.
NUMA attempts to address this problem by providing separate memory for each processor, avoiding the performance hit when several processors attempt to address the same memory. For problems involving spread data (common for servers and similar applications), NUMA can improve the performance over a single shared memory by a factor of roughly the number of processors (or separate memory banks).
Of course, not all data ends up confined to a single task, which means that more than one processor may require the same data. To handle these cases, NUMA systems include additional hardware or software to move data between banks. This operation slows the processors attached to those banks, so the overall speed increase due to NUMA depends heavily on the exact nature of the running tasks.
Read more about this topic: Non-Uniform Memory Access
Famous quotes containing the words basic and/or concept:
“Nothing and no one can destroy the Chinese people. They are relentless survivors. They are the oldest civilized people on earth. Their civilization passes through phases but its basic characteristics remain the same. They yield, they bend to the wind, but they never break.”
—Pearl S. Buck (1892–1973)
“The two most far-reaching critical theories at the beginning of the latest phase of industrial society were those of Marx and Freud. Marx showed the moving powers and the conflicts in the social-historical process. Freud aimed at the critical uncovering of the inner conflicts. Both worked for the liberation of man, even though Marx’s concept was more comprehensive and less time-bound than Freud’s.”
—Erich Fromm (1900–1980)