Definition
The Formalists, and particularly the so-called Russian formalists, focused on literary technique or devices (in Russian priem). In particular, Viktor Shklovsky, in 1917, wrote the essay art as a technique, which marks a significant shift towards this perspective.
In general, the term "artistic technique", means "everything that the artist uses with particular artistic intentions". The term "literary techniques" refers to specific aspects of literature, in the sense of its universal function as an art form that expresses ideas through language, which we can recognize, identify, interpret and analyze. Literary techniques collectively comprise the art form's components—the means authors use to create meaning through language, and that readers use to understand and appreciate their works. They also provide a conceptual framework for comparing individual literary works to others, within and across genres.
"Literary techniques" is a catch-all term that may be distinguished from the term "devices". Literary techniques are literary moves a writer might make that are defined not so much by functional or descriptive actions as by imitation and repeated use by many authors at times. Instances of literary techniques tend to be harder to identify than instances of devices, and identification of techniques tends to be more dependent upon citing literary precedent; nevertheless, there is considerable overlap between the territory of devices and techniques. Irony, for example, challenges the distinction between a device and a technique because it refers to a handful of more-or-less easily identifiable literary actions, but also describes a recognizable but elusively complex attitude toward the subject of a whole or a part of a work of literature. It is debatable whether literary techniques or literary devices is the larger category.
Using a specific literary device or technique in a type of work where, historically, it has been uncommon.
Read more about this topic: Literary Technique
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