Vocabulary
The Tai languages of Thailand and Laos share a large corpus of cognate, native vocabulary. They also share many common words and neologisms that were derived from Sanskrit, Pali, Mon and Khmer and other indigenous inhabitants to Indochina. However, there are traits that distinguish Isan both from Thai and its Lao parent language.
Isan is clearly differentiated from Thai by its Lao intonation and vocabulary. However, Isan differs from Lao in that the former has more English and Chinese loanwords, via Thai, not to mention large amounts of Thai influence. The Laotian Lao adopted French and Vietnamese loanwords as a legacy of French Indochina. Other differences between Isan and Lao include terminology that reflect the social and political separation since 1893 as well as differences in neologisms created after this. These differences, and a few very small deviations for certain common words, do not, however, diminish nor erase the Lao characters of the language.
English | Isan | Lao | Thai | English | Isan | Lao | Thai |
language | ภาษา, pʰáː sǎː | ພາສາ, pʰáː sǎː | ภาษา, pʰaː sǎː | city | เมือง, mɯ´ːaŋ | ເມືອງ, mɯ´ːaŋ | เมือง, mɯːaŋ |
religion | ศาสนา, sȁːt sáʔ nǎː | ສາສນາ, sȁːt sáʔ nǎː | ศาสนา sàːt sàʔ nǎː | government | รัฐบาล, lāt tʰáʔ bàːn | ຣັຖບາລ, rāt tʰáʔ bàːn | รัฐบาล, rát tʰàʔ baːn |
heaven | สวรรค์, sáʔ vǎn | ສວັຣຄ໌, sáʔ vǎn | สวรรค์, sàʔ wǎn | to be well | สบาย, sáʔ bàːj | ສະບາຽ, sáʔ bàːj | สบาย, sàʔ baːj |
child | เด็ก, dék | ເດັກ, dék | เด็ก, dèk | to be happy | ดีใจ dìː t͡ɕàːj | ດີໃຈ, dìː t͡ɕàːj | ดีใจ, di: tɕaːj |
street | ถนน, tʰáʔ nǒn | ຖນົນ, tʰáʔ nǒn | ถนน, tʰàʔ nǒn | sun | อาทิตย์, ʔaː tʰīt | ອາທິຕຍ໌, ʔaː tʰīt | อาทิตย์, ʔa: tʰít |
English | Isan | Lao | Thai | English | Isan | Lao | Thai |
no, not | บ่, bɔː | ບໍ່, bɔː | ไม่, mâj | to speak | เว้า, vâw | ເວົ້າ, vâw | พูด, pʰûːt |
how much | ท่อใด, tʰɔ̄ː dàj | ທໍ່ໃດ, tʰɔ̄ː dàj | เท่าไหร่, tʰâw ràj | to do, to make | เฮ็ด, hēt* | ເຮັດ, hēt | ทำ, tʰam |
to learn | เฮียน, hían | ຮຽນ, hían | เรียน, rian | glass | จอก, t͡ʃɔ̏ːk | ຈອກ, t͡ʃɔ̏ːk | แก้ว, kɛ̂ːw |
yonder | พู้น, pʰûn | ພຸ້ນ, pʰûn | โน่น, nôːn | fruit | หมากไม้, mȁːk mâj | ໝາກໄມ້, mȁːk mâj | ผลไม้, pʰǒn láʔ máːj |
too much | โพด, pʰôːt | ໂພດ, pʰôːt | เกินไป, kɤn paj | to call | เอิ้น, ʔɤˆːn | ເອີ້ນ, ʔɤˆːn | เรียก, rîːak |
a little | หน่อยนึง, nɔ̄ːy nɯ¯ŋ | ໜ່ອຽນຶ່ງ, nɔ̄ːj nɯ¯ŋ | นิดหน่อย, nít nɔ`ːj | house, home | เฮือน, hɯ´ːan** | ເຮືອນ, hɯ´ːan | บ้าน, bâːn |
to lower | หลุด, lút | ຫຼຸດ (ຫລຸດ), lút | ลด, lót | sausage | ไส้อั่ว, sȁj ʔua | ໄສ້ອ່ົວ, sȁj ʔūa | ไส้กรอก, sâj krɔ̀ːk |
to walk | ย่าง, ɲāːŋ | ຍ່າງ, ɲāːŋ | เดิน, dɤːn | older child | ลูกกก, lûːk kók | ລູກກົກ, lûːk kók | ลูกคนโต, lûːk kʰon toː |
frangipani blossom | ดอกจำปา, dɔ̏ːk t͡ʃam paː | ດອກຈຳປາ, dɔ̏ːk t͡ʃam paː | ดอกลั่นทม, dɔ`ːk lân tʰom | tomato | หมากเล่น, mȁːk lēːn*** | ໝາກເລັ່ນ, mȁːk lēːn | มะเขือเทศ, mâʔ kʰɯ̌ːa tʰêːt |
much, many | หลาย, lǎːj | ຫຼາຍ, lǎːj | มาก, mâːk | father-in-law | พ่อเฒ่า, pʰɔ̄ː tʰȁw | ພໍ່ເຖົ້າ, pʰɔ̄ː tʰȁw | พ่อตา, pʰɔ̑ː taː |
to stop | เซา, sáw | ເຊົາ, sáw | หยุด, jùt | to like | มัก, māk | ມັກ, māk | ชอบ, tɕʰɔ̂ːp |
good luck | โซกดี, sôːk diː | ໂຊຄດີ, sôːk diː | โชคดี, tɕʰôːk diː | delicious | แซบ, sɛ̂ːp | ແຊບ, sɛ̂ːp | อร่อย, ʔàʔ rɔ`j |
fun | ม่วน, mūan | ມ່ວນ, mūan | สนุก, sàʔ nùk | really | อิหลี, ʔīː lǐː**** | ອີ່ຫຼີ, ʔīː lǐː | จริง, tɕiŋ |
elegant | โก้, kôː | ໂກ້, kôː | หรูหรา, rǔː rǎː | ox | งัว, ŋúaː | ງົວ, ŋúaː | วัว, wua |
- 1 Also appears in Isan ทำ and Lao ທຳ, /tʰám/.
- 2 Very formal Thai word เรือน (rɯːan) is cognate. Thai word also appears in Isan บ้าน and Lao ບ້ານ /bâːn/.
- 3 Also known as เขอเคอ in Isan and ເຂືອເຄືອ in Lao, /kʰɤˇːa kʰɤˇːa/.
- 4 Also appears as จริง (Lao: ຈິງ) /t͡ʃiŋ/.
English | Isan | Lao | Thai | English | Isan | Lao | Thai |
ice | น้ำแข็ง, /nâm kʰɛ̌ːŋ/ | ນ້ຳກ້ອນ, /nâm kɔ̂ːn/* | น้ำแข็ง, /náːm kʰɛ̌ŋ/ | plain (adj.) | เปล่า, /paw/ | ລ້າ, /lâː/ | เปล่า, /plàːw/ |
necktie | เน็กไท, /nēk tʰáj/ | ກາຣະວັດ, /kaː rāʔ vát/** | เน็กไท, /nék tʰáj/ | province | จังหวัด, /t͡ʃàŋ vát/ | ແຂວງ, /kʰwɛ̌ːŋ/*** | จังหวัด, /tɕaŋ wàt/ |
wine | ไวน์, /váj/ | ແວງ /vɛ́ːŋ/**** | ไวน์, /waːj/ | noodle soup | ก๋วยเตี๋ยว, /kuǎj tǐaw/ | ເຝີ, fɤ̌ː***** | ก๋วยเตี๋ยว, /kuǎj tǐaw/ |
January | มกราคม, /mōk káʔ ráː kʰóm/ | ມັງກອນ, /máŋ kɔ̀ːn/ | มกราคม, /mók kàʔ raː kʰom/ | paper | กะดาษ, /káʔ dȁːt/ | ເຈັ້ຽ, /t͡ɕìa/ | กระดาษ, /kràʔ dàːt/ |
window | หน้าต่าง, /nȁː tāːŋ/ | ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມ, /pɔ̄ːŋ jîam/ | หน้าต่าง, /nâː tàːŋ/ | book | หนังสือ, /nǎŋ.sɨ̌ː/ | ປຶ້ມ, /pɨ̂m/ | หนังสือ, /nǎng.sɯ̌ː/ |
motorcycle | มอเตอร์ไซค์, /mɔ́ː tɤ̀ː sáj/ | ຣົຖຈັກ, /lōt t͡ʃák/ | มอเตอร์ไซค์, /mɔː tɤː saj/****** | butter | เนย, /nɤ´ːj/ | ເບີ, /bɤ`ː/******* | เนย, /nɤːj/ |
- 1 Formerly น้ำก้อน, but this is now archaic/obsolete.
- 2 From French cravate, /cra vat/
- 3 Thai and Isan use แขวง to talk about provinces of Laos.
- 4 From French vin (vɛ̃) as opposed to Thai and Isan ไวน์ from English wine.
- 5 From Vietnamese phở /fə̃ː/, noodle soup.
- 6 From English motorcycle.
- 7 From French beurre, /bøʁ/
English | Isan | Lao | Thai | English | Isan | Lao | Thai |
to work | เฮ็ดงาน, hēt ŋáːn | ເຮັດວຽກ hēt vîak* | ทำงาน, tʰam ŋaːn | papaya | บักหุ่ง, bák hūŋ | ໝາກຫຸ່ງ, mȁːk hūŋ | มะละกอ, màʔ làʔ kɔː |
fried beef | ทอดซี้น, tʰɔ̂ːt sîːn | ຂົ້ວຊີ້ນ, kʰȕa sîːn | เนื้อทอด, nɯ´ːa tʰɔ̂ːt | hundred | ร้อย, lɔ̂ːj | ຮ້ອຍ, hɔ̂ːj | ร้อย, rɔ́ːj |
barbecued pork | หมูปิ้ง, mǔː pîːŋ | ປີ້ງໝູ, pîːŋ mǔː | หมูย่าง, mǔː jâːŋ | ice cream | ไอติม, ʔaj tim | ກາແລ້ມ, kaː lɛ̂ːm | ไอศกรีม, ʔaj sàʔ kriːm |
- 1 Lao ເຮັດ, to do + Vietnamese việc, to work, /viək/ (ວຽກ).
Read more about this topic: Isan Language
Famous quotes containing the word vocabulary:
“One forgets words as one forgets names. Ones vocabulary needs constant fertilizing or it will die.”
—Evelyn Waugh (19031966)
“The vocabulary of pleasure depends on the imagery of pain.”
—Marina Warner (b. 1946)
“A new talker will often call her caregiver mommy, which makes parents worry that the child is confused about who is who. She isnt. This is a case of limited vocabulary rather than mixed-up identities. When a child has only one word for the female person who takes care of her, calling both of them mommy is understandable.”
—Amy Laura Dombro (20th century)