In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts is a theorem that relates the integral of a product of functions to the integral of their derivative and antiderivative. It is frequently used to find the antiderivative of a product of functions into an ideally simpler antiderivative. The rule can be derived in one line by simply integrating the product rule of differentiation.
If u = u(x), v = v(x), and the differentials du = u '(x) dx and dv = v'(x) dx, then integration by parts states that
or more compactly:
More general formulations of integration by parts exist for the Riemann–Stieltjes integral and Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral. One can also formulate a discrete analogue for sequences, called summation by parts.
Read more about Integration By Parts: Visualisation, Recursive Integration By Parts, Higher Dimensions, Infinite Congruence Theorem
Famous quotes containing the words integration and/or parts:
“The more specific idea of evolution now reached is—a change from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity, accompanying the dissipation of motion and integration of matter.”
—Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
“When the coherence of the parts of a stone, or even that composition of parts which renders it extended; when these familiar objects, I say, are so inexplicable, and contain circumstances so repugnant and contradictory; with what assurance can we decide concerning the origin of worlds, or trace their history from eternity to eternity?”
—David Hume (1711–1776)