Existing Formal Upper Level Ontologies (foundational Ontologies)
- BFO - Basic Formal Ontology
- DOLCE - Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
- GFO - General Formal Ontology
- OCHRE - Object-Centered High-level REference ontology
- SUMO - Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
- UMBEL - Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer
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