Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against the rival state of Cao Wei from 228 to 234 during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. All five expeditions were led by Shu Han's chancellor-regent Zhuge Liang. Although they proved unsuccessful and indecisive, the expeditions have become some of the most well-known conflicts of the Three Kingdoms period. In popular history, they overlap with the "six campaigns from Mount Qi" (Chinese: 六出祁山; pinyin: Lìuchū Qíshān), which is inaccurate, since Zhuge Liang only launched his campaigns from Mount Qi twice.
Read more about Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions: Background, Geography, First Expedition, Second Expedition, Third Expedition, Fourth Expedition, Fifth Expedition, Analysis, Modern References
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—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)