Control
Control of the American Dagger Nematode presents problems because X. americanum is hard to completely remove. Nematicides generally remove up to 95% of the nematodes in soil, however the 5% that remain can reproduce asexually and the viruses that they carry can still infect the roots of young plants. Therefore, to eliminate the nematodes, nematicides should be used along with having a bare soil field for at least a 2 year period. This ensures that the X. americanum has no food source. At the end of this 2 year period the nematodes should be eradicated.
The spraying of nematicides also causes plants to release allelopathic chemicals. These chemicals then kill the nematodes by active suppression because they are toxic to the nematode. Crop rotation is another form of control for X. americanum. It has been shown that certain non-host plants may deny the nematode population an adequate food source for reproduction, and thus greatly reduce its population in the soil. This is termed passive suppression.
X. americanum can only travel via run-off and in damp soil, therefore if soils are kept dry enough the nematodes can be localized and quarantined.
Additionally, if soil is tilled frequently, X. americanum will likely not be in high enough of a population density to cause any noticeable symptoms in its hosts. There is also evidence of X. americanum resistance and "tolerance" seen in certain species of grapes that appeared to be better adapted to the parasite.
Read more about this topic: Xiphinema Americanum
Famous quotes containing the word control:
“I am the center of the world, but the control panel seems to be somewhere else.”
—Mason Cooley (b. 1927)
“Culture means control over nature.”
—Johan Huizinga (1872–1945)
“The child knows only that he engages in play because it is enjoyable. He isn’t aware of his need to play—a need which has its source in the pressure of unsolved problems. Nor does he know that his pleasure in playing comes from a deep sense of well-being that is the direct result of feeling in control of things, in contrast to the rest of his life, which is managed by his parents or other adults.”
—Bruno Bettelheim (20th century)