Basic Internetwork Protocol
The main internetwork layer protocol was the Internet Datagram Protocol (IDP). IDP is a close descendant of PUP's internetwork protocol, and roughly corresponds to the Internet Protocol (IP) layer in TCP/IP.
Designed from the outset to complement the Ethernet local area network, also developed by Xerox. This led to the decision to use Ethernet's 48-bit address as the basis for its own network addressing, generally using the machine's MAC address as the primary unique identifier. The full 12-byte address also included a 32-bit network number for routing purposes, and a 16-bit socket number for service selection. The network number also had a special value which meant 'this network', for use by hosts which did not (yet) know their network number.
Unlike TCP/IP, socket numbers are part of the full network address in the IDP header, so that upper-layer protocols did not need to implement demultiplexing; IDP also supplied packet types (again, unlike IP). IDP also contained a checksum covering the entire packet, but it was optional, not mandatory.
IDP packets were up to 576 bytes long, including the 30 byte IDP header. In comparison, IP required all hosts to support at least 576, but supports packets of up to 65K bytes. Individual PUP host pairs on a particular network might use larger packets, but no PUP router was required to handle them, and no mechanism was defined to discover if the intervening routers would support larger packets. Also, packets could not be fragmented, as in IP.
XNS also included a simple echo protocol at the internetwork layer, similar to IP's ping, but operating at a lower level.
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP), a descendant of PUP's Gateway Information Protocol, was used as the router information-exchange system, and (slightly modified to match the syntax of addresses of other protocol suites), remains in use today in other protocol suites.
Read more about this topic: Xerox Network Systems
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