Vishnu Sharma - Legend

Legend

The prelude to the Panchatantra identifies Vishnu Sharma as the author of the work. Since there is no other independent external evidence about him, "it is impossible to say whether he was the historical author . . .or is himself a literary invention. Based on analysis of various Indian recensions and the geographical features and animals described in the stories, Kashmir is suggested to be his birthplace by various scholars.

The prelude narrates the story of how Vishnu Sharma supposedly created the Panchatantra. There was a king called Sudarshan who ruled a kingdom, most likely in patliputra. The capital of his kingdom was a city called Mahilaropya (महिलारोप्य), whose location on the current map of India is unknown. King Sudarshan had three sons named Bahushakti, Ugrashakti and Anantshakti. Though King Sudarshan himself was both a scholar and a powerful ruler, his sons were "all dullards." The king despaired of his three princes' inability to learn, and approached his ministers for counsel. They presented him with conflicting advice, but the words of one, called Sumati, rang true to the king. He said that the sciences, politics and diplomacy were limitless disciplines that took a lifetime to master formally. Instead of teaching the princes scriptures and texts, they should somehow be taught the wisdom inherent in them, and the aged scholar Vishnu Sharma was the man to do it.

Vishnu Sharma was invited to the court, where the king offered him a hundred land grants if he could teach the princes. Vishnu Sharma declined the promised award, saying he did not sell knowledge for money, but accepted the task of making the princes wise to the ways of politics and leadership within six months. Vishnu Sharma knew that he could never instruct these three students through conventional means. He had to employ a less orthodox way, and that was to tell a succession of animal fables - one weaving into another - that imparted to them the wisdom they required to succeed their father.The collection of his work was done by pandit Narayana and is called hitopdesh. Adapting stories that had been told for thousands of years in India, panchatantra was composed into an entertaining five part work to communicate the essence of diplomacy, relationships, politics and administration to the princes. These five discourses, became the Panchatantra, meaning the five (pancha) treatises (tantra).

After Vishnu Sharma taught king's son, he tried to give land and other gifts to him but he declined then he gave Vishnu Sharma, title of "Pathak" and after him his family started using "Pathak" as surname. Now also in villages there is belief in Pathak's that they don't have to charge anything for knowledge transfer.