Anglicanism
The term via media is frequently applied to the Anglican churches, though not without debate.
Via Media was the title of a series of tracts published by John Henry Newman of the Tractarian movement circa 1834, which became the Oxford Movement. These tracts in particular used the title to pay homage to the inception of the Thirty-Nine Articles and in so doing claim that the Tractarian movement was of the same vein as early Church of England scholars and theologians. They examined the Elizabethan Settlement and reinterpreted it as a compromise between Rome and Reform.
The Tractarians promoted the idea of Anglicanism as a middle way between the extremes of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, which became later an idea of Anglicanism as a middle way between Rome and Protestantism itself.
To justify its idea of a via media the Oxford Movement attributed this position to the works of the Elizabethan theologian Richard Hooker and in particular his book Lawes of Ecclesiastical Polity, which is accepted as a founding work on Anglican theology, a view of Hooker promoted by John Keble, who was one of the first to argue that English theology underwent such a "decisive change" in Hooker’s hands. However Hooker does not use the phrase "via media" nor "middle way" nor indeed "Anglican" in any of his works; the attribution of via media to him is much later. Hooker's work concerned the form of Protestant church government as an argument against the extreme advocates of Puritanism, arguing that elements of Church of England practice condemned by the Puritans, in particular the Book of Common Prayer and the institution of bishops, are proper and accord with Scripture. Later theologians analysed Hooker's approach to the particular doctrine of justification by faith as a middle way between the predestinationism of the extreme Calvinists and Lutheran and Arminian doctrines.
The Oxford Movement recast this via media as a middle way not within Protestantism but between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Although the Oxford Movement eventually faded away (and many of its leaders became Roman Catholics) their idea of the via media and its application to early Anglicanism has remained current in Anglican discourse.
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