Vesicoureteral Reflux - Causes

Causes

In healthy individuals the ureters enter the urinary bladder obliquely and run submucosally for some distance. This, in addition to the ureter's muscular attachments, helps secure and support them posteriorly. Together these features produce a valvelike effect that occludes the ureteric opening during storage and voiding of urine. In people with VUR, failure of this mechanism occurs, with resultant retrograde flow of urine.

Hardikar syndrome can include Vesicoureteral reflux, Hydronephrosis, cleft lip and palate, Intestinal obstruction and other symptoms.