Since 1980s: International Competition and Standardisation Efforts
On a multinational scale, due to the heterogeneous telecommunication economy and infrastructure before the market penetration of the Internet, management of a VAN Service proved a complicated task leading to the idea of "user defined networks", a concept preceding the nowadays ubiquitous availability of internet service. Standardization efforts for data networking were made by ITU-T (former CCIT) and included X.25 (Packet-switched network) and X.400 (Message handling system), specifically motivated by an emerging transatlantic competition in the early 1990s.
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