V2 Word Order - Kashmiri

Kashmiri

V2 word order occurs outside of Germanic, for instance in Kashmiri. Declarative main clauses as well as embedded object clauses in Kashmiri have V2 word order, but relative clauses have the VF order, e.g.

• Basic sentence

  mye per yi kyitaab az.

  I read this book today.

• With fronted adverb

  az per mye yi kyitaab.

  Today read I this book.

• Subordinate clause

  mye von zyi mye per yi kyitaab az.

  I said that I read this book today.

• Subordinate clause with fronted adverb

  mye von zyi az per mye yi kyitaab.

  I said that today read I this book.

• Relative clause

  yi chi swa kyitaab ywas mye az per.

  This is the book which I today read.

• Relative clause with embedded subordinate clause

  yi chi swa kyitaab ywas mye veny zyi mye per az.

  This is the book which I said that I read today.

Kashmiri differs from the V2 languages of Europe in that in all clause types Kashmiri exhibits the characteristics of SOV languages. It has postpositions (not prepositions), objects before the main verb (not after - unless the main verb itself is in position 2), and auxiliaries after main verbs (unless the auxiliary itself is in position 2) :

khaar oos rinyoomut Tyuub lemy-lemy Tayr-i manz-i nyebar keD-yith tshun-aan.

mechanic was worn.out tube pull-pull tire-Abl inside-Abl out take.out-Ger THROW-ing

'The mechanic was pulling the worn-out tube out of the tire.'