Modifiers
| Character | Unicode | Image | Description | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ä | U+0308 | - | umlaut above | Palatal (fully front) vowel |
| ạ | U+0323 | dot below | Palatal (fronted) variant of vowel | |
| a̮ | U+032E | breve below | Velar (fully back or backed) vowel or variant of vowel | |
| ā | U+0304 | macron | Long form of a vowel; also by duplication | |
| a͔ | U+0354 | left arrowhead below | Retracted form of a vowel or consonant | |
| a͕ | U+0355 | right arrowhead below | Advanced form of a vowel or consonant | |
| a̭ | U+032D | circumflex below | Raised variant of a vowel | |
| a̬ | U+032C | caron below | Lowered variant of a vowel | |
| ă | U+0306 | breve | Shorter or reduced vowel | |
| a̯ | U+032F | inverted breve below | Non-syllabic, glide or semi-vowel | |
| ʀ | U+0280 | small capital | Unvoiced or partially voiced version of voiced sound | |
| ⁱ | superscripted character | Very short sound | ||
| ₔ | subscripted character | Coarticulation due to surrounding sounds | ||
| ᴞ | U+1D1E | Rotated (180°) or sideways (−90°) | Reduced form of sound |
Read more about this topic: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet