Universal Quantification - Universal Closure

The universal closure of a formula φ is the formula with no free variables obtained by adding a universal quantifier for every free variable in φ. For example, the universal closure of

is

.

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Famous quotes containing the word universal:

    “The universal soul is the alone creator of the useful and the beautiful; therefore to make anything useful or beautiful, the individual must be submitted to the universal mind.”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)