Surface Features
Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects less than half as much light as Ariel, a sister satellite of similar size. Umbriel has a very low Bond albedo of only about 10% as compared to 23% for Ariel. The reflectivity of the moon's surface decreases from 26% at a phase angle of 0° (geometric albedo) to 19% at an angle of about 1°. This phenomenon is called opposition surge. The surface of Umbriel is slightly blue in color, while fresh bright impact deposits (in Wunda crater, for instance) are even bluer. There may be an asymmetry between the leading and trailing hemispheres; the former appears to be redder than the latter. The reddening of the surfaces probably results from space weathering from bombardment by charged particles and micrometeorites over the age of the Solar System. However, the color asymmetry of Umbriel is likely caused by accretion of a reddish material coming from outer parts of the Uranian system, possibly, from irregular satellites, which would occur predominately on the leading hemisphere. The surface of Umbriel is relatively homogeneous—it does not demonstrate strong variation in either albedo or color.
Scientists have so far recognized only one class of geological feature on Umbriel—craters. The surface of Umbriel has far more and larger craters than do Ariel and Titania and shows the least geological activity. In fact, among the Uranian moons only Oberon has more impact craters than Umbriel. The observed crater diameters range from a few kilometers at the low end to 210 kilometers for the largest known crater, Wokolo. All recognized craters on Umbriel have central peaks, but no crater has rays.
| Crater | Named after | Coordinates | Diameter (km) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alberich | Alberich (Norse) | 33°36′S 42°12′E / 33.6°S 42.2°E / -33.6; 42.2 | 52.0 |
| Fin | Fin (Danish) | 37°24′S 44°18′E / 37.4°S 44.3°E / -37.4; 44.3 | 43.0 |
| Gob | Gob (Pagan) | 12°42′S 27°48′E / 12.7°S 27.8°E / -12.7; 27.8 | 88.0 |
| Kanaloa | Kanaloa (Polynesian) | 10°48′S 345°42′E / 10.8°S 345.7°E / -10.8; 345.7 | 86.0 |
| Malingee | Malingee (Australian Aboriginal mythology) | 22°54′S 13°54′E / 22.9°S 13.9°E / -22.9; 13.9 | 164.0 |
| Minepa | Minepa (Makua people of Mozambique) | 42°42′S 8°12′E / 42.7°S 8.2°E / -42.7; 8.2 | 58.0 |
| Peri | Peri (Persian) | 9°12′S 4°18′E / 9.2°S 4.3°E / -9.2; 4.3 | 61.0 |
| Setibos | Setibos (Patagonian) | 30°48′S 346°18′E / 30.8°S 346.3°E / -30.8; 346.3 | 50.0 |
| Skynd | Skynd (Danish) | 1°48′S 331°42′E / 1.8°S 331.7°E / -1.8; 331.7 | 72.0 |
| Vuver | Vuver (Finnish) | 4°42′S 311°36′E / 4.7°S 311.6°E / -4.7; 311.6 | 98.0 |
| Wokolo | Wokolo (Bambara people of West Africa) | 30°00′S 1°48′E / 30°S 1.8°E / -30; 1.8 | 208.0 |
| Wunda | Wunda (Australian Aboriginal mythology) | 7°54′S 273°36′E / 7.9°S 273.6°E / -7.9; 273.6 | 131.0 |
| Zlyden | Zlyden (Slavic) | 23°18′S 326°12′E / 23.3°S 326.2°E / -23.3; 326.2 | 44.0 |
Near Umbriel's equator lies the most prominent surface feature: Wunda crater, which has a diameter of about 131 km. Wunda has a large ring of bright material on its floor, which appears to be an impact deposit. Nearby, seen along the terminator, are the craters Vuver and Skynd, which lack bright rims but possess bright central peaks. Study of limb profiles of Umbriel revealed a possible very large impact feature having the diameter of about 400 km and depth of approximately 5 km.
Much like other moons of Uranus, the surface of Umbriel is cut by a system of canyons trending northeast–southwest. They are not, however, officially recognized due to the poor imaging resolution and generally bland appearance of this moon, which hinders geological mapping.
Umbriel's heavily cratered surface has probably been stable since the Late Heavy Bombardment. The only signs of the ancient internal activity are canyons and dark polygons—dark patches with complex shapes measuring from tens to hundreds of kilometers across. The polygons were identified from precise photometry of Voyager 2's images and are distributed more or less uniformly on the surface of Umbriel, trending northeast–southwest. Some polygons correspond to depressions of a few kilometers deep and may have been created during an early episode of tectonic activity. Currently there is no explanation for why Umbriel is so dark and uniform in appearance. Its surface may be covered by a relatively thin layer of dark material (so called umbral material) excavated by an impact or expelled in an explosive volcanic eruption. Alternatively, Umbriel's crust may be entirely composed of the dark material, which prevented formation of bright features like crater rays. However, the presence of the bright feature within Wunda seems to contradict this hypothesis.
Read more about this topic: Umbriel (moon)
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