Typical Tensile Strengths
| Material | Yield strength (MPa) |
Ultimate strength (MPa) |
Density (g/cm³) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structural steel ASTM A36 steel | 250 | 400 | 7.8 |
| Carbon steel 1090 | 250 | 841 | 7.58 |
| Human skin | 15 | 20 | 2.2 |
| Micro-Melt® 10 Tough Treated Tool Steel (AISI A11) | 5171 | 5205 | 7.45 |
| 2800 Maraging steel | 2617 | 2693 | 8.00 |
| AerMet 340 | 2160 | 2430 | 7.86 |
| Sandvik Sanicro 36Mo logging cable Precision Wire | 1758 | 2070 | 8.00 |
| AISI 4130 Steel, water quenched 855°C (1570°F), 480°C (900°F) temper | 951 | 1110 | 7.85 |
| Titanium 11 (Ti-6Al-2Sn-1.5Zr-1Mo-0.35Bi-0.1Si), Aged | 940 | 1040 | 4.50 |
| Steel, API 5L X65 | 448 | 531 | 7.8 |
| Steel, high strength alloy ASTM A514 | 690 | 760 | 7.8 |
| High-density polyethylene (HDPE) | 26-33 | 37 | 0.95 |
| Polypropylene | 12-43 | 19.7-80 | 0.91 |
| Stainless steel AISI 302 - Cold-rolled | 520 | 860 | 8.19 |
| Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 | 130 | 200 | |
| "Liquidmetal" alloy | 1723 | 550-1600 | 6.1 |
| Beryllium 99.9% Be | 345 | 448 | 1.84 |
| Aluminium alloy 2014-T6 | 414 | 483 | 2.8 |
| Polyester resin (unreinforced) | 55 | ||
| Polyester and Chopped Strand Mat Laminate 30% E-glass | 100 | ||
| S-Glass Epoxy composite | 2358 | ||
| Aluminium alloy 6063-T6 | 248 | 2.63 | |
| Copper 99.9% Cu | 70 | 220 | 8.92 |
| Cupronickel 10% Ni, 1.6% Fe, 1% Mn, balance Cu | 130 | 350 | 8.94 |
| Brass | 200 + | 550 | 5.3 |
| Tungsten | 1510 | 19.25 | |
| Glass | 33 | 2.53 | |
| E-Glass | N/A | 1500 for laminates, 3450 for fibers alone |
2.57 |
| S-Glass | N/A | 4710 | 2.48 |
| Basalt fiber | N/A | 4840 | 2.7 |
| Marble | N/A | 15 | |
| Concrete | N/A | 3 | 2.7 |
| Carbon fiber | N/A | 1600 for Laminate, 4137 for fiber alone |
1.75 |
| Carbon fiber (Toray T1000G) | 6370 fibre alone | 1.80 | |
| Human hair | 380 | ||
| Bamboo | 350-500 | 0.4 | |
| Spider silk (See note below) | 1000 | 1.3 | |
| Darwin's bark spider silk | 1652 | ||
| Silkworm silk | 500 | 1.3 | |
| Aramid (Kevlar or Twaron) | 3620 | 2757 | 1.44 |
| UHMWPE | 24 | 52 | 0.97 |
| UHMWPE fibers (Dyneema or Spectra) | 2300-3500 | 0.97 | |
| Vectran | 2850-3340 | ||
| Polybenzoxazole (Zylon) | 2700 | 1.56 | |
| Pine wood (parallel to grain) | 40 | ||
| Bone (limb) | 104-121 | 130 | 1.6 |
| Nylon, type 6/6 | 45 | 75 | 1.15 |
| Epoxy adhesive | - | 12 - 30 | - |
| Rubber | - | 15 | |
| Boron | N/A | 3100 | 2.46 |
| Silicon, monocrystalline (m-Si) | N/A | 7000 | 2.33 |
| Silicon carbide (SiC) | N/A | 3440 | |
| Ultra-pure silica glass fiber-optic strands | 4100 | ||
| Sapphire (Al2O3) | 400 at 25*C, 275 at 500*C, 345 at 1000*C | 1900 | 3.9-4.1 |
| Boron Nitride Nanotube | N/A | 33000 | ? |
| Diamond | 1600 | 2800 | 3.5 |
| Graphene | N/A | 130000 | 1.0 |
| First carbon nanotube ropes | ? | 3600 | 1.3 |
| Colossal carbon tube | N/A | 7000 | 0.116 |
| Carbon nanotube (see note below) | N/A | 11000-63000 | 0.037-1.34 |
| Carbon nanotube composites | N/A | 1200 | N/A |
- ^a Many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity/composition.
- ^b Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with labs producing them at a tensile strength of 63 GPa, still well below their theoretical limit of 300 GPa. The first nanotube ropes (20mm in length) whose tensile strength was published (in 2000) had a strength of 3.6 GPa. The density depends on the manufacturing method, and the lowest value is 0.037 or 0.55 (solid).
- ^c The strength of spider silk is highly variable. It depends on many factors including kind of silk (Every spider can produce several for sundry purposes.), species, age of silk, temperature, humidity, swiftness at which stress is applied during testing, length stress is applied, and way the silk is gathered (forced silking or natural spinning). The value shown in the table, 1000 MPa, is roughly representative of the results from a few studies involving several different species of spider however specific results varied greatly.
- ^d Human hair strength varies by ethnicity and chemical treatments.
| Element | Young's modulus (GPa) |
Offset or yield strength (MPa) |
Ultimate strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| silicon | 107 | 5000–9000 | |
| tungsten | 411 | 550 | 550–620 |
| iron | 211 | 80–100 | 350 |
| titanium | 120 | 100–225 | 240–370 |
| copper | 130 | 33 | 210 |
| tantalum | 186 | 180 | 200 |
| tin | 47 | 9–14 | 15–200 |
| zinc (wrought) | 105 | 110–200 | |
| nickel | 170 | 14–35 | 140–195 |
| silver | 83 | 170 | |
| gold | 79 | 100 | |
| aluminium | 70 | 15–20 | 40-50 |
| lead | 16 | 12 |
- Flexural strength
- Strength of materials
- Tensile structure
- Toughness
Read more about this topic: Ultimate Tensile Strength
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