Trap rock, also known as either trapp or trap, is any dark-colored, fine-grained, nongranitic intrusive or extrusive igneous rock. Types of trap rock include basalt, peridotite, diabase, and fine-grained gabbro. Trapp (trap) is also used to refer to flood (plateau) basalts, i.e. the Deccan traps and Siberian traps. The erosion of trap rock created by the stacking of successive lava flows often created a distinct stair-step landscape from which the term "trap" was derived from the Scandinavian word "trappa", which means "stair step".
The slow cooling of magma either as a sill or as a thick lava flow sometimes creates systematic vertical fractures within the resulting layer of trap rock. These fractures often form rock columns that are typically hexagonal, but also four to eight sided.
Trap rock, i.e. basalt or diabase, has a variety of uses. A major use for basalt is crushed rock for road and housing construction in concrete, macadam, and paving stones. Because of its insensitivity to chemical influences, resistance to mechanical stress, high dry relative density, frost resistance, and sea water resistance, trap rock is used as ballast for railroad track bed and hydraulic engineering rock (riprap) in coast and bank protection for paving embankments. It is also used for the production of cast rock that is used in corrosion and abrasion protection, as for sewage pipes and acid-resistant rocks. Other uses of trap rock include gardening and landscaping, for the production of millstones, for the production of mineral fibres (basalt wool), as a flux in ceramic masses and glazes, for the production of glass ceramics, crushed as a filter aggregate (air filtration of poison gas in ABC bunkers), as filter bed material water treatment facilities, and ground as a soil improvement product.
Well known examples of outcropping trap rock include both intrusive sills and extrusive lava flows They include the Palisades Sill, a Triassic, 200 Ma diabase intrusion, that forms the Palisade along 80 kilometers (50 mi) of the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey. Vast areas of trap rock in the form of thick lava flows and other volcanic rocks comprise the Deccan traps of India and Siberian traps of Russia.
Famous quotes containing the words trap and/or rock:
“All Coolidge had to do in 1924 was to keep his mean trap shut, to be elected. All Harding had to do in 1920 was repeat “Avoid foreign entanglements.” All Hoover had to do in 1928 was to endorse Coolidge. All Roosevelt had to do in 1932 was to point to Hoover.”
—Robert E. Sherwood (1896–1955)
“In the black of desire
we rock and grunt, grunt and
shine”
—Denise Levertov (b. 1923)