Timeline of Ancient Rome - 1st Century BC

1st Century BC

• 91/88 BC– Social War, the last rebellion of the Italian nations against Rome
• 88 BC– Sulla crosses the pomerium with his legions and invades Rome
• 88/85 BC– First Mithridatic War against Mithridates VI of Pontus
• 83/82 BC– First Roman civil war, between Sulla and the popular faction; Sulla wins and becomes dictator; censor office abolished (to be recreated in 70 BC)
• 83/82 BC– Second Mithridatic War; Sulla returns to Rome and is nominated dictator
• 82/72 BC– Sertorius, the last Marian general continues the civil war in Hispania
• 74/66 BC– Third Mithridatic War, eventually won by Pompey
• 73/71 BCE- Servile War led by Spartacus
• 67 BC– Pompey clears the Mediterranean of pirates
• 63 BC
  • Fall of Jerusalem
  • consulship of Cicero; Catiline conspiracies
• 60/54 BC– An informal coalition is formed by Gāius Jūlius Caesar, Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Licinius Crassus to govern the Roman republic. This coalition is often referred to as the First triumvirate, even though it did not have the official sanction of law required for a legal triumvirate.
• 58/50 BC– Caesar fights the Gallic Wars, acquiring the province of Gallia Comata
• 54/53 BC– First campaign against the Parthian Empire; Crassus utterly defeated and killed
• 49 BC– Caesar crosses the Rubicon (alea iacta est) and begins the Second Roman civil war against the Optimates, the conservative faction of the Senate, led by Pompey
• 48/45 BC– Caesar pursues and defeats the Optimates in Greece and Africa
• 44 BC– Caesar is assassinated on the Ides of March
• 44/42 BC– Third Roman civil war, between the assassins of Caesar (led by Cassius and Brutus) and Caesar's heirs, Octavian and Mark Antony
• 43 BC– Octavian, Antony and Lepidus form the second triumvirate
• 36 BC– Antony's Parthian campaign ends in failure
• 32 BC– End of peaceful relations between Octavian and Antony
• 31 BC– In the battle of Actium, Octavian decisively defeats Antony and Cleopatra
• 30 BC– Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Egypt becomes a Roman province

ROMAN EMPIRE

• 27 BC – End of the Republic, beginning of the Roman Empire: Octavian is now called Augustus Caesar and becomes the sole ruler of Rome
• 28/24 BC– Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in Hispania Tarraconensis (see Cantabrian Wars)
• 16/15 BC– Augustus' campaigns against the Alpine tribes
• 12/7 BC– Tiberius and Drusus conquer Pannonia and campaign against the Germanic tribes