- Trent Reznor – vocals, all instruments, drums (on "Piggy"), arranger, producer
- Mark "Flood" Ellis – producer, hi-hat (on "Closer"), Arp 2600 synthesizer (on "The Becoming")
- Chris Vrenna – drums (on "Hurt"), programming, sampling, additional drums (on "Burn")
- Adrian Belew – texture generating guitar (on "Mr. Self Destruct"), ring mod guitar (on "The Becoming")
- Danny Lohner – additional guitar (on "Big Man with a Gun")
- Andy Kubiszewski – drums (on "The Downward Spiral")
- Stephen Perkins – drum loops (on "I Do Not Want This")
- Charlie Clouser – programming, continuity
- John Aguto – engineer
- Brian Pollack – engineer
- Sean Beavan – mixing
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- Bill Kennedy – mixing
- Alan Moulder – mixing
- Tom Baker – mastering
- Bob Ludwig – high-resolution mastering (reissue)
- James Brown – 5.1 mix (reissue)
- Neal Ferrazzani – assistance (reissue)
- Russell Mills – paintings
- David Buckland – photography
- Gary Talpas – package
- Rob Sheridan – package, additional photography (reissue)
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