Sultan Mahmud may refer to:
- Mahmud I (1696–1754), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- Mahmud II (1785–1839), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- Mahmud of Ghazni (971–1030), Sultan of Persia in the 11th century
- Sultan Mahmud (Chagatai) (died 1402), was Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate
- Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Shah, 11th Sultan of Perak
- Sultan Mahmud Iskandar (1932–2010), 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia the 24th and present Sultan of Johor