The Strong Club System is a set of bidding conventions and agreements used in the game of contract bridge and is based upon an opening bid of 1♣ as being an artificial forcing bid promising a strong hand. Unlike Standard American which typically opens with 2♣ to show a strong hand of 21 (or 22) or more points, the strong 1♣ opening is assigned a lower minimum strength promising 16 or more high card points. All other bids would therefore be limited to a maximum of 15 high card points. There are several variants of the strong club system and all are classified as artificial because the bids are highly codified.
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—Edgar Lee Masters (1869–1950)
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—“Jennie June” Croly 1829–1901, U.S. founder of the woman’s club movement, journalist, author, editor. Demorest’s Illustrated Monthly and Mirror of Fashions, p. 44 (February 1870)
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—Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)