Notable Examples of Substrate Inference
| Area | Resultant language | Substrate / original language | Superstrate | Superstrate introduced by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lebanon | Lebanese Arabic | Western Aramaic language and Phoenician language | Classical Arabic | Arabs during the Muslim conquests |
| Syria | Syrian Arabic | Western Aramaic language | ||
| Palestine/Israel | Palestinian Arabic | Western Aramaic language | ||
| Egypt | Egyptian Arabic | Coptic language and Nubian language | ||
| Algeria | Algerian Arabic | Berber languages and Punic language | ||
| Libya | Libyan Arabic | Punic language, Coptic language and Berber languages | ||
| Morocco | Moroccan Arabic | Berber languages | ||
| Sudan | Sudanese Arabic | Nubian language and other African languages | ||
| Tunisia | Tunisian Arabic | Punic language and Berber languages | ||
| Saudi Arabia | Arabian Arabic | South Semitic languages, Western Aramaic language, Eastern Aramaic language and Coptic language | ||
| Yemen | Yemeni Arabic | South Semitic languages | ||
| Ethiopia | Amharic | Central Cushitic languages | South Semitic languages | Bronze Age Semitic expansion |
| Eritrea/Ethiopia | Tigrinya | Central Cushitic and North Cushitic languages | ||
| Lappland | Sami languages | Local Old European languages | Early Proto-Finnic | |
| Singapore | Singaporean Mandarin | Southern Chinese dialects: Min Nan, Teochew, Cantonese, Hainanese | Standard Mandarin | Singapore Government during the Speak Mandarin Campaign. |
| England | Middle English | Old English | Old French | Normans during the Norman conquest. |
| Ireland | Irish English | Irish language | Early Modern English | the English during the Plantations of Ireland in the 16th century |
| Spain | Spanish | Paleohispanic languages | Vulgar Latin, also Visigothic | Romans during the Roman Empire, later various Germanic peoples during the Migration Period |
| France | French | Gaulish | Vulgar Latin, later Frankish | |
| Mexico | Mexican Spanish | Nahuatl and Mayan languages | Spanish of the 15th century | Spaniards during the Spanish Conquest of the 15th century |
| Chile | Chilean Spanish | Mapudungun, Quechua and Aymara languages | ||
| Paraguay | Paraguayan Spanish | Guaraní language | ||
| Peru | Peruvian Spanish | Quechua language | ||
| Argentina | Argentine Spanish | Italian language, French language, Lebanese Arabic, Syrian Arabic, Quechua language and Guaraní language | ||
| Jamaica | Jamaican Patois | African languages of transported African slaves | Early Modern English | the English during the British Empire |
| India | Indian English | various language substrates from Indian languages, especially Hindi | Modern English | |
| Israel | Standard Modern Israeli (non-Oriental) Hebrew | principally the Yiddish language, and various other European languages of European Jewish immigrants to Israel, also Judeo-Arabic |
Biblical Hebrew | European Jews in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who revived then re-introduced Hebrew |
| Austria | Austrian German | Austro-Bavarian | Standard German | Empress Maria Theresa upon adoption of Gottsched's Standard German in the late 18th century |
| Switzerland | Swiss Standard German | Alemannic | Adoption of Standard German by the reforms of the Zürich Bible in 1665 and 1755 |
|
| Ukraine | Ukrainian Russian | Ukrainian | Russian | Russian rule |
| Shetland and Orkney | Insular Scots | Norn | Scots | Acquisition by Scotland in the 15th century |
Read more about this topic: Stratum (linguistics)
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