Stratum (linguistics) - Notable Examples of Substrate Inference

Notable Examples of Substrate Inference

Area Resultant language Substrate / original language Superstrate Superstrate introduced by
Lebanon Lebanese Arabic Western Aramaic language and Phoenician language Classical Arabic Arabs during the Muslim conquests
Syria Syrian Arabic Western Aramaic language
Palestine/Israel Palestinian Arabic Western Aramaic language
Egypt Egyptian Arabic Coptic language and Nubian language
Algeria Algerian Arabic Berber languages and Punic language
Libya Libyan Arabic Punic language, Coptic language and Berber languages
Morocco Moroccan Arabic Berber languages
Sudan Sudanese Arabic Nubian language and other African languages
Tunisia Tunisian Arabic Punic language and Berber languages
Saudi Arabia Arabian Arabic South Semitic languages, Western Aramaic language, Eastern Aramaic language and Coptic language
Yemen Yemeni Arabic South Semitic languages
Ethiopia Amharic Central Cushitic languages South Semitic languages Bronze Age Semitic expansion
Eritrea/Ethiopia Tigrinya Central Cushitic and North Cushitic languages
Lappland Sami languages Local Old European languages Early Proto-Finnic
Singapore Singaporean Mandarin Southern Chinese dialects: Min Nan, Teochew, Cantonese, Hainanese Standard Mandarin Singapore Government during the Speak Mandarin Campaign.
England Middle English Old English Old French Normans during the Norman conquest.
Ireland Irish English Irish language Early Modern English the English during the Plantations of Ireland in the 16th century
Spain Spanish Paleohispanic languages Vulgar Latin, also Visigothic Romans during the Roman Empire, later various Germanic peoples during the Migration Period
France French Gaulish Vulgar Latin, later Frankish
Mexico Mexican Spanish Nahuatl and Mayan languages Spanish of the 15th century Spaniards during the Spanish Conquest
of the 15th century
Chile Chilean Spanish Mapudungun, Quechua and Aymara languages
Paraguay Paraguayan Spanish Guaraní language
Peru Peruvian Spanish Quechua language
Argentina Argentine Spanish Italian language, French language, Lebanese Arabic, Syrian Arabic, Quechua language and Guaraní language
Jamaica Jamaican Patois African languages of transported African slaves Early Modern English the English during the British Empire
India Indian English various language substrates from Indian languages, especially Hindi Modern English
Israel Standard Modern Israeli (non-Oriental) Hebrew principally the Yiddish language,
and various other European languages
of European Jewish immigrants to Israel, also Judeo-Arabic		 Biblical Hebrew European Jews in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries
who revived then re-introduced Hebrew
Austria Austrian German Austro-Bavarian Standard German Empress Maria Theresa upon adoption
of Gottsched's Standard German in the late 18th century
Switzerland Swiss Standard German Alemannic Adoption of Standard German
by the reforms of the Zürich Bible in 1665 and 1755
Ukraine Ukrainian Russian Ukrainian Russian Russian rule
Shetland and Orkney Insular Scots Norn Scots Acquisition by Scotland in the 15th century

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