Notable Examples of Substrate Inference
| Area | Resultant language | Substrate / original language | Superstrate | Superstrate introduced by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lebanon | Lebanese Arabic | Western Aramaic language and Phoenician language | Classical Arabic | Arabs during the Muslim conquests |
| Syria | Syrian Arabic | Western Aramaic language | ||
| Palestine/Israel | Palestinian Arabic | Western Aramaic language | ||
| Egypt | Egyptian Arabic | Coptic language and Nubian language | ||
| Algeria | Algerian Arabic | Berber languages and Punic language | ||
| Libya | Libyan Arabic | Punic language, Coptic language and Berber languages | ||
| Morocco | Moroccan Arabic | Berber languages | ||
| Sudan | Sudanese Arabic | Nubian language and other African languages | ||
| Tunisia | Tunisian Arabic | Punic language and Berber languages | ||
| Saudi Arabia | Arabian Arabic | South Semitic languages, Western Aramaic language, Eastern Aramaic language and Coptic language | ||
| Yemen | Yemeni Arabic | South Semitic languages | ||
| Ethiopia | Amharic | Central Cushitic languages | South Semitic languages | Bronze Age Semitic expansion |
| Eritrea/Ethiopia | Tigrinya | Central Cushitic and North Cushitic languages | ||
| Lappland | Sami languages | Local Old European languages | Early Proto-Finnic | |
| Singapore | Singaporean Mandarin | Southern Chinese dialects: Min Nan, Teochew, Cantonese, Hainanese | Standard Mandarin | Singapore Government during the Speak Mandarin Campaign. |
| England | Middle English | Old English | Old French | Normans during the Norman conquest. |
| Ireland | Irish English | Irish language | Early Modern English | the English during the Plantations of Ireland in the 16th century |
| Spain | Spanish | Paleohispanic languages | Vulgar Latin, also Visigothic | Romans during the Roman Empire, later various Germanic peoples during the Migration Period |
| France | French | Gaulish | Vulgar Latin, later Frankish | |
| Mexico | Mexican Spanish | Nahuatl and Mayan languages | Spanish of the 15th century | Spaniards during the Spanish Conquest of the 15th century |
| Chile | Chilean Spanish | Mapudungun, Quechua and Aymara languages | ||
| Paraguay | Paraguayan Spanish | Guaraní language | ||
| Peru | Peruvian Spanish | Quechua language | ||
| Argentina | Argentine Spanish | Italian language, French language, Lebanese Arabic, Syrian Arabic, Quechua language and Guaraní language | ||
| Jamaica | Jamaican Patois | African languages of transported African slaves | Early Modern English | the English during the British Empire |
| India | Indian English | various language substrates from Indian languages, especially Hindi | Modern English | |
| Israel | Standard Modern Israeli (non-Oriental) Hebrew | principally the Yiddish language, and various other European languages of European Jewish immigrants to Israel, also Judeo-Arabic |
Biblical Hebrew | European Jews in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who revived then re-introduced Hebrew |
| Austria | Austrian German | Austro-Bavarian | Standard German | Empress Maria Theresa upon adoption of Gottsched's Standard German in the late 18th century |
| Switzerland | Swiss Standard German | Alemannic | Adoption of Standard German by the reforms of the Zürich Bible in 1665 and 1755 |
|
| Ukraine | Ukrainian Russian | Ukrainian | Russian | Russian rule |
| Shetland and Orkney | Insular Scots | Norn | Scots | Acquisition by Scotland in the 15th century |
Read more about this topic: Stratum (linguistics)
Famous quotes containing the words notable, examples and/or inference:
“In one notable instance, where the United States Army and a hundred years of persuasion failed, a highway has succeeded. The Seminole Indians surrendered to the Tamiami Trail. From the Everglades the remnants of this race emerged, soon after the trail was built, to set up their palm-thatched villages along the road and to hoist tribal flags as a lure to passing motorists.”
—For the State of Florida, U.S. public relief program (1935-1943)
“Histories are more full of examples of the fidelity of dogs than of friends.”
—Alexander Pope (1688–1744)
“Rules and particular inferences alike are justified by being brought into agreement with each other. A rule is amended if it yields an inference we are unwilling to accept; an inference is rejected if it violates a rule we are unwilling to amend. The process of justification is the delicate one of making mutual adjustments between rules and accepted inferences; and in the agreement achieved lies the only justification needed for either.”
—Nelson Goodman (b. 1906)