Solubility Equilibrium - Dissolution With Dissociation

Dissolution With Dissociation

Ionic compounds normally dissociate into their constituent ions when they dissolve in water. For example, for calcium sulfate:

As for the previous example, the equilibrium expression is:

K^\ominus = \frac{\left\{\mbox{Ca} ^{2+}(aq)\right\}\left\{\mbox{SO}_4^{2-}(aq)\right\}}{ \left\{\mbox{CaSO}_4(s)\right\}} =\left\{\mbox{Ca} ^{2+}(aq)\right\}\left\{\mbox{SO}_4^{2-}(aq)\right\}

where K is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant and braces indicate activity. The activity of a pure solid is, by definition, equal to one.

When the solubility of the salt is very low the activity coefficients of the ions in solution are nearly equal to one. By setting them to be actually equal to one this expression reduces to the solubility product expression:

The solubility product for a general binary compound ApBq is given by

ApBq pAq+ + qBp-
Ksp = pq (electrical charges omitted for simplicity of notation)

When the product dissociates the concentration of B is equal to q/p times the concentration of A.

= q/p

Therefore

Ksp = p (q/p)q q
=(q/p)q × p+q

The solubility, S is 1/p . One may incorporate 1/p and insert it under the root to obtain

S = { \over p} = { \over q} = \sqrt{K_{\mathrm{sp}} \over {(q/p)^q} p^{p+q}} = \sqrt{K_{\mathrm{sp}} \over {q^q} p^p}

Examples

CaSO4: p=1, q=1,
Na2SO4: p=2, q=1,
Al2(SO4)3: p=2, q=3,

Solubility products are often expressed in logarithmic form. Thus, for calcium sulfate, Ksp = 4.93×10−5, log Ksp = -4.32. The smaller the value, or the more negative the log value, the lower the solubility.

Some salts are not fully dissociated in solution. Examples include MgSO4, famously discovered by Manfred Eigen to be present in seawater as both an inner sphere complex and an outer sphere complex. The solubility of such salts is calculated by the method outlined in dissolution with reaction.

Read more about this topic:  Solubility Equilibrium

Famous quotes containing the word dissolution:

    “We are threatened with suffering from three directions: from our own body, which is doomed to decay and dissolution and which cannot even do without pain and anxiety as warning signals; from the external world, which may rage against us with overwhelming and merciless forces of destruction; and finally from our relations to other men. The suffering which comes from this last source is perhaps more painful than any other.”
    —Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)