Formation
Ranjit Singh holding court in 1838. The Samadhi of Emperor Ranjit Singh in Lahore.The Sikhs had strong collaboration in defense against foreign incursions such as those initiated by Nader Shah and Ahmad Shah of Persia. The city of Amritsar was attacked numerous times. Yet the time is remembered by Sikh historians as the "Heroic Century". This is mainly to describe the rise of Sikhs to political power against large odds. The circumstances were the hostile religious environment against Sikhs with a large Sikh population compared to other religious and political groups.
The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the merger of these "Misls" by the time of coronation of Ranjit Singh in 1801, creating a unified political state. All the Misl leaders, who were affiliated with the army, were nobility with usually long and prestigious family histories in Sikhs' history. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region to Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, and Tibet in the east. The religious demography of the Sikh Empire was Muslim (70%), Sikh (17%), Hindu (13%). Gujranwala served as his capital from 1799. In 1802, he shifted his capital to Lahore and Amritsar.
Read more about this topic: Sikh Empire
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