Phylogeny and Distribution
Four subspecies are recognized, though they do not differ much:
- African subspecies:
- African-ringnecked (aka ARN) Parakeet (P. krameri krameri): West Africa in Guinea, Senegal and southern Mauritania, east to Western Uganda and Southern Sudan.
- Abyssinian-ringnecked (aka Aby-RN) Parakeet (P. krameri parvirostris): Northwest Somalia, west across northern Ethiopia to Sennar district, Sudan.
- Asian subspecies:
- Indian-ringnecked (aka IRN) Parakeet (P. krameri manillensis) originates from the southern Indian subcontinent and has feral and/or naturalized populations worldwide. In Australia, Great Britain (mainly around London), the United States, and other western countries, it is often referred to as the Indian Ring-Necked Parakeet/Parrot.
- Boreal or Neumann's ringnecked (aka BRN) Parakeet (P. krameri borealis) is distributed in Bangladesh, Pakistan, northern India and Nepal to central Burma; introduced populations worldwide in localities.
A phylogenetic analysis using DNA (see Psittacula) showed that the Mauritius Parakeet (Psittacula echo) is closely related to this species, and probably needs to be placed between the African and Asian subspecies. Consequently, this species is paraphyletic.
Read more about this topic: Rose-ringed Parakeet
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“There is the illusion of time, which is very deep; who has disposed of it? Mor come to the conviction that what seems the succession of thought is only the distribution of wholes into causal series.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)