Abolition
When the Roman Republic was formed in 1798 and took over the Papal States, it annulled the requirement for Jews to live only in the ghetto; and a Tree of Liberty was planted in Piazza delle Cinque Scole. However, when the Papal States were restored in 1799, the ghetto was reestablished and Jews who had left were compelled to return to the ghetto.
In 1848, at the beginning of his pontificate, Pius IX permitted Jews to live outside the ghetto. However, after returning from exile in 1850, following the crushing of the Roman Republic, which made strong anti-Church measures, the Pope issued a series of anti-liberal measures, including re-instituting the ghetto. The Jewish head tax was abolished in 1850.
The Papal States ceased to exist on 20 September 1870 when they were incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy, but the requirement that Jews live in the ghetto was only formally abolished in 1882. The ghetto walls were torn down in 1888 and the ghetto was almost completely demolished, and the area around the new Synagogue of Rome was reconstructed.
The Roman Ghetto was the last remaining ghetto in Western Europe until they were reintroduced by Nazi Germany in the 1930s.
Read more about this topic: Roman Ghetto
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