Reference Electrode - Aqueous Reference Electrodes

Aqueous Reference Electrodes

Common reference electrodes and potential with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode:

  • Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) (E=0.000 V) activity of H+=1
  • Normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) (E ≈ 0.000 V)concentration H+=1
  • Reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) (E=0.000 V - 0.0591*pH)
  • Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) (E=+0.244 V saturated)
  • Copper-copper(II) sulfate electrode(CSE) (E=+0.314 V)
  • Silver chloride electrode (E=+0.197 V saturated)
  • pH-electrode (in case of pH buffered solutions, see buffer solution)
  • Palladium-hydrogen electrode
  • Dynamic hydrogen electrode (DHE)

  • Standard Hydrogen Electrode

  • Cu-Cu(II) reference electrode

  • Ag-AgCl reference electrode

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