Quantum Spin Hall Effect
The quantum spin Hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, two-dimensional, semiconductors that have a quantized spin-Hall conductance and a vanishing charge-Hall conductance. The quantum spin Hall state of matter is the cousin of the integer quantum Hall state, and both states can be realized on lattice that does not require the application of a large magnetic field. The quantum spin Hall state does not break charge conservation symmetry and spin- conservation symmetry (in order to have well defined Hall conductances). The first proposal for the existence of a quantum spin Hall state was developed by Kane and Mele who adapted an earlier model for graphene by F. Duncan M. Haldane which exhibits an integer quantum Hall effect. The Kane and Mele model is two copies of the Haldane model such that the spin up electron exhibits a chiral integer quantum Hall Effect while the spin down electron exhibits an anti-chiral integer quantum Hall effect.
Overall the Kane-Mele model has a charge-Hall conductance of exactly zero but a spin-Hall conductance of exactly (in units of ). Independently, a quantum spin Hall model was proposed by Bernevig and Zhang in an intricate strain architecture which engineers, due to spin-orbit coupling, a magnetic field pointing upwards for spin-up electrons and a magnetic field pointing downwards for spin-down electrons. The main ingredient is the existence of spin-orbit coupling, which can be understood as a momentum-dependent magnetic field coupling to the spin of the electron.
Real experimental systems, however, are far from the idealized picture presented above in which spin-up and spin-down electrons are not coupled. A very important achievement was the realization that the quantum spin Hall state remain to be non-trivial even after the introduction of spin-up spin-down scattering, which destroy the quantum spin Hall effect. In a separate paper, Kane and Mele introduced a topological invariant who characterizes a state as trivial or non-trivial band insulator (regardless if the state exhibits or not exhibits a quantum spin Hall effect). Further stability studies of the edge liquid through which conduction takes place in the quantum spin Hall state proved, both analytically and numerically that the non-trivial state is robust to both interactions and extra spin-orbit coupling terms that mix spin-up and spin-down electrons. Such a non-trivial state (exhibiting or not exhibiting a quantum spin Hall effect) is called topological insulator, which is an example of symmetry protected topological order protected by charge conservation symmetry and time reversal symmetry. (Note that the quantum spin Hall state is also a symmetry protected topological state protected by charge conservation symmetry and spin- conservation symmetry. We do not need time reversal symmetry to protect quantum spin Hall state. Topological insulator and quantum spin Hall state are different symmetry protected topological states.)
Read more about Quantum Spin Hall Effect: In HgTe Quantum Wells
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