Table of Quadratic Residues
| x | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x2 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 25 | 36 | 49 | 64 | 81 | 100 | 121 | 144 | 169 | 196 | 225 | 256 | 289 | 324 | 361 | 400 | 441 | 484 | 529 | 576 | 625 |
| mod 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 5 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| mod 6 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| mod 8 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 9 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 4 |
| mod 10 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 5 |
| mod 11 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 |
| mod 12 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 13 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 1 |
| mod 14 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 9 |
| mod 15 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| mod 16 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 17 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 8 | 2 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 8 | 2 | 15 | 13 |
| mod 18 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 7 | 0 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 0 | 7 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 7 | 0 | 13 |
| mod 19 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 6 | 17 | 11 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 6 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 6 | 17 |
| mod 20 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 5 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 5 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 5 |
| mod 21 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 4 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 1 | 7 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 |
| mod 22 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 3 | 14 | 5 | 20 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 5 | 14 | 3 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 |
| mod 23 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 2 | 13 | 3 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| mod 24 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mod 25 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 0 | 11 | 24 | 14 | 6 | 0 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 0 | 6 | 14 | 24 | 11 | 0 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
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““A sigh for every so many breath,
And for every so many sigh a death.
That’s what I always tell my wife
Is the multiplication table of life.””
—Robert Frost (1874–1963)
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—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
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