Promoter Elements
- Core promoter - the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription
- Includes Transcription Start Site (TSS) and elements directly upstream
- A binding site for RNA polymerase
- RNA polymerase I: transcribes genes encoding ribosomal RNA
- RNA polymerase II: transcribes genes encoding messenger RNA and certain small nuclear RNAs
- RNA polymerase III: transcribes genes encoding tRNAs and other small RNAs
- General transcription factor binding sites, e.g. TATA box
- Proximal promoter - the proximal sequence upstream of the gene that tends to contain primary regulatory elements
- Approximately 250 base pairs upstream of the start site
- Specific transcription factor binding sites
- Distal promoter - the distal sequence upstream of the gene that may contain additional regulatory elements, often with a weaker influence than the proximal promoter
- Anything further upstream (but not an enhancer or other regulatory region whose influence is positional/orientation independent)
- Specific transcription factor binding sites
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