Non-Presidential Heads of State
- Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Chairman of the Provisional Government and de facto head of state in 1848 : served less than three months
- Executive Commission: joint head of state with five co-presidents in 1848 : served less than two months. François Arago was its most prominent member.
- Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, head of government and de facto head of state in 1848 : served about six months
- Louis Jules Trochu, President of the Government of National Defense and de facto head of state (served 4 months, September 1870 to January 1871)
- Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of Vichy France: served four years (considered an illegal usurper by later governments)
- Charles de Gaulle, President of the Provisional Government: served over one and a half years
- Félix Gouin, President of the Provisional Government: served five months
- Georges Bidault, President of the Provisional Government: served five months
- Vincent Auriol, President of the Provisional Government: served less than a month
- Léon Blum, President of the Provisional Government: served one month
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