Polyglot (computing) - Methods

Methods

The two most commonly used techniques for constructing a polyglot program are to make liberal use of languages which use different characters for comments and to redefine various tokens as others in different languages. Often good use is made with syntax quirks. These are demonstrated in this public domain polyglot written in ANSI C, PHP and bash:

#define a /* # /dev/null > /dev/null \ ; // 2> /dev/null; x=a; $x=5; // 2> /dev/null \ ; if (($x)) // 2> /dev/null; then return 0; // 2> /dev/null; fi #define e ?> #define b */ #include #define main int main(void) #define printf printf( #define true ) #define function function main { printf "Hello, world!\n"true/* 2> /dev/null | grep -v true*/; return 0; } #define c /* main #*/

Note the following:

  • A hash sign marks a preprocessor statement in C, but is a comment in both bash and PHP.
  • "//" is a comment in both PHP and C++ and the root directory in bash.
  • Shell redirection is used to eliminate undesirable outputs.
  • Even on commented out lines, the "" and "?>" PHP indicators still have effect.
  • The statement "function main" is valid in both PHP and bash; C #defines are used to convert it into "int main(void)" at compile time.
  • Comment indicators can be combined to perform various operations.
  • "if (($x))" is a valid statement in both bash and PHP.
  • printf is a bash shell builtin which is identical to the C printf except for its omission of brackets (which the C preprocessor adds if this is compiled with a C compiler).
  • The final three lines are only used by bash, to call the main function. In PHP the main function is defined but not called and in C there is no need to explicitly call the main function.

Some less-common languages also offer possibilities to create Polyglot code. Here is a small sample, written simultaneously in SNOBOL4, Win32Forth, PureBasicv4.x, and REBOL:

*BUFFER : A.A ; .( Hello, world !) @ To Including? Macro SkipThis; OUTPUT = Char(10) "Hello, World !" ;OneKeyInput Input('Char', 1, '') ; Char End; SNOBOL4 + PureBASIC + Win32Forth + REBOL = <3 EndMacro: OpenConsole : PrintN("Hello, world !") Repeat : Until Inkey : Macro SomeDummyMacroHere REBOL [ Title: "'Hello, World !' in 4 languages" CopyLeft: "Developed in 2010 by Society" ] Print "Hello, world !" EndMacro: func set-modes system/ports/input Input set-modes system/ports/input NOP:: EndMacro ; Wishing to refine it with new language ? Go on !

The term is sometimes applied to programs that are valid in more than one language, but do not strictly perform the same function in each. One use for this form is a file that runs as a DOS batch file, then re-runs itself in Perl:

@rem = ' --PERL-- @echo off perl "%~dpnx0" %* goto endofperl @rem '; #!perl print "Hello, world!\n"; __END__ :endofperl

This allows creating Perl scripts that can be run on DOS systems with minimal effort.

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Famous quotes containing the word methods:

    “In inner-party politics, these methods lead, as we shall yet see, to this: the party organization substitutes itself for the party, the central committee substitutes itself for the organization, and, finally, a “dictator” substitutes himself for the central committee.”
    —Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)

    “The comparison between Coleridge and Johnson is obvious in so far as each held sway chiefly by the power of his tongue. The difference between their methods is so marked that it is tempting, but also unnecessary, to judge one to be inferior to the other. Johnson was robust, combative, and concrete; Coleridge was the opposite. The contrast was perhaps in his mind when he said of Johnson: “his bow-wow manner must have had a good deal to do with the effect produced.””
    —Virginia Woolf (1882–1941)

    “We can best help you to prevent war not by repeating your words and following your methods but by finding new words and creating new methods.”
    —Virginia Woolf (1882–1941)