Polyglot (computing) - Methods

Methods

The two most commonly used techniques for constructing a polyglot program are to make liberal use of languages which use different characters for comments and to redefine various tokens as others in different languages. Often good use is made with syntax quirks. These are demonstrated in this public domain polyglot written in ANSI C, PHP and bash:

#define a /* # /dev/null > /dev/null \ ; // 2> /dev/null; x=a; $x=5; // 2> /dev/null \ ; if (($x)) // 2> /dev/null; then return 0; // 2> /dev/null; fi #define e ?> #define b */ #include #define main int main(void) #define printf printf( #define true ) #define function function main { printf "Hello, world!\n"true/* 2> /dev/null | grep -v true*/; return 0; } #define c /* main #*/

Note the following:

  • A hash sign marks a preprocessor statement in C, but is a comment in both bash and PHP.
  • "//" is a comment in both PHP and C++ and the root directory in bash.
  • Shell redirection is used to eliminate undesirable outputs.
  • Even on commented out lines, the "" and "?>" PHP indicators still have effect.
  • The statement "function main" is valid in both PHP and bash; C #defines are used to convert it into "int main(void)" at compile time.
  • Comment indicators can be combined to perform various operations.
  • "if (($x))" is a valid statement in both bash and PHP.
  • printf is a bash shell builtin which is identical to the C printf except for its omission of brackets (which the C preprocessor adds if this is compiled with a C compiler).
  • The final three lines are only used by bash, to call the main function. In PHP the main function is defined but not called and in C there is no need to explicitly call the main function.

Some less-common languages also offer possibilities to create Polyglot code. Here is a small sample, written simultaneously in SNOBOL4, Win32Forth, PureBasicv4.x, and REBOL:

*BUFFER : A.A ; .( Hello, world !) @ To Including? Macro SkipThis; OUTPUT = Char(10) "Hello, World !" ;OneKeyInput Input('Char', 1, '') ; Char End; SNOBOL4 + PureBASIC + Win32Forth + REBOL = <3 EndMacro: OpenConsole : PrintN("Hello, world !") Repeat : Until Inkey : Macro SomeDummyMacroHere REBOL [ Title: "'Hello, World !' in 4 languages" CopyLeft: "Developed in 2010 by Society" ] Print "Hello, world !" EndMacro: func set-modes system/ports/input Input set-modes system/ports/input NOP:: EndMacro ; Wishing to refine it with new language ? Go on !

The term is sometimes applied to programs that are valid in more than one language, but do not strictly perform the same function in each. One use for this form is a file that runs as a DOS batch file, then re-runs itself in Perl:

@rem = ' --PERL-- @echo off perl "%~dpnx0" %* goto endofperl @rem '; #!perl print "Hello, world!\n"; __END__ :endofperl

This allows creating Perl scripts that can be run on DOS systems with minimal effort.

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Famous quotes containing the word methods:

    “Commerce is unexpectedly confident and serene, alert, adventurous, and unwearied. It is very natural in its methods withal, far more so than many fantastic enterprises and sentimental experiments, and hence its singular success.”
    —Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)

    “Parents ought, through their own behavior and the values by which they live, to provide direction for their children. But they need to rid themselves of the idea that there are surefire methods which, when well applied, will produce certain predictable results. Whatever we do with and for our children ought to flow from our understanding of and our feelings for the particular situation and the relation we wish to exist between us and our child.”
    —Bruno Bettelheim (20th century)

    “A writer who writes, “I am alone” ... can be considered rather comical. It is comical for a man to recognize his solitude by addressing a reader and by using methods that prevent the individual from being alone. The word alone is just as general as the word bread. To pronounce it is to summon to oneself the presence of everything the word excludes.”
    —Maurice Blanchot (b. 1907)