Permutation Group - Examples

Examples

Permutations are often written in cyclic form so that given the set M = {1,2,3,4}, a permutation g of M with g(1) = 2, g(2) = 4, g(4) = 1 and g(3) = 3 will be written as (1,2,4)(3), or more commonly, (1,2,4) since 3 is left unchanged; if the objects are denoted by a single letter or digit, commas are also dispensed with, and we have a notation such as (1 2 4).

Consider the following set G of permutations of the set M = {1,2,3,4}:

• e = (1)(2)(3)(4)= (1)
  • This is the identity, the trivial permutation which fixes each element.
• a = (1 2)(3)(4) = (1 2)
  • This permutation interchanges 1 and 2, and fixes 3 and 4.
• b = (1)(2)(3 4) = (3 4)
  • Like the previous one, but exchanging 3 and 4, and fixing the others.
• ab = (1 2)(3 4)
  • This permutation, which is the composition of the previous two, exchanges simultaneously 1 with 2, and 3 with 4.

G forms a group, since aa = bb = e, ba = ab, and baba = e. So (G,M) forms a permutation group.

The Rubik's Cube puzzle is another example of a permutation group. The underlying set being permuted is the coloured subcubes of the whole cube. Each of the rotations of the faces of the cube is a permutation of the positions and orientations of the subcubes. Taken together, the rotations form a generating set, which in turn generates a group by composition of these rotations. The axioms of a group are easily seen to be satisfied; to invert any sequence of rotations, simply perform their opposites, in reverse order.

The group of permutations on the Rubik's Cube does not form a complete symmetric group of the 20 corner and face cubelets; there are some final cube positions which cannot be achieved through the legal manipulations of the cube.

More generally, every group G is isomorphic to a subgroup of a permutation group by virtue of its regular action on G as a set; this is the content of Cayley's theorem.