Penang Hokkien - Differences From Standard Minnan

Differences From Standard Minnan

Most of the differences between Penang Hokkien and Amoy Hokkien exist also in Zhangzhou, e.g.:

• The use of -uiⁿ where Amoy has -ng, e.g. 門 mûiⁿ, 飯 pūiⁿ, 酸 suiⁿ, etc.;
• The use of -ε and -εⁿ where Amoy has -e and -iⁿ, e.g. 家 kε, 蝦 hε̂, 生 sεⁿ (also written with e·);
• The use of -oe where Amoy has -e and vice versa, e.g. 火 hóe, 未 bōe, 地 tē, 細 sè;
• The use of -oa where Amoy has -oe, e.g. 話 ōa, 花 hoa, 瓜 koa;
• The use of -iơⁿ (also pronounced -iauⁿ) where Amoy has -iuⁿ, e.g. 羊 iơ̂ⁿ, 丈 tiơ̄ⁿ, 想 siơ̄ⁿ;
• The use of -iang where Amoy has -iong, e.g. 上 siāng, 香 hiang;
• The use of j- in some words where Amoy has l-, e.g. 入 jıˈp, 熱 jȯah, 日 jıˈt;
• The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜 môai (Amoy: bê), 先生 sin-sεⁿ (Amoy: sien-siⁿ), etc.;
• The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 挑羹 th(i)au-kiong (Amoy: 湯匙 thng-sî)