Technical Information
One of the major improvements the PCI Local Bus had over other I/O architectures was its configuration mechanism. In addition to the normal memory-mapped and I/O port spaces, each device function on the bus has a configuration space. This is 256 bytes that are addressable by knowing the 8-bit PCI bus, 5-bit device, and 3-bit function numbers for the device (commonly referred to as the BDF bus/device/function). This allows up to 256 buses, each with up to 32 devices, each supporting 8 functions. A single PCI expansion card can respond as a device and must implement at least function number zero. The first 64 bytes of configuration space are standardized; the remainder are available for vendor-defined purposes.
In order to allow more parts of configuration space to be standardized without conflicting with existing uses, there can be a list of capabilities defined within the first 192 bytes of PCI configuration space. Each capability has one byte that describes which capability it is, and one byte to point to the next capability. The number of additional bytes depends on the capability ID. If capabilities are being used, a bit in the Status register is set, and a pointer to the first in a linked list of capabilities is provided in the Cap. pointer register defined in the Standardized Registers.
PCI-X 2.0 introduced an extended configuration space, up to 4096 bytes. The only standardized part of extended configuration space is the first 4 bytes at 0x100 which are the start of an extended capability list. Extended capabilities are very much like normal capabilities except that they can refer to any byte in the extended configuration space (by using 12 bits instead of 8), have a 4-bit version number and a 16-bit capability ID. Extended capability IDs overlap with normal capability IDs, but there is no chance of confusion as they are in separate lists.
Read more about this topic: PCI Configuration Space
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