Parliament of Australia

The Parliament of Australia, also known as the Commonwealth Parliament or Federal Parliament, is the legislative branch of the government of Australia. It is bicameral, and combines the fused executive of the Westminster System with the federalist senate of the United States Congress. Under Section 1 of the Constitution of Australia, Parliament consists of three components: the Queen, represented within Australia by the Governor-General, the Senate, and the House of Representatives.

The upper house, the Senate, consists of 76 members: twelve for each state, and two for each mainland territory. Senators are elected using a form of preferential voting. The lower house, the House of Representatives, currently consists of 150 members, who represent districts known as electoral divisions (commonly referred to as "electorates" or "seats"). The number of members is not fixed, but can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions, which are required on a regular basis. The most recent overall increase in the size of the House, which came into effect at the 1984 election, increased the number of members from 125 to 148. It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election, returned to 148 at the 1996 election, and has been 150 since the 2001 election. Each division elects one member using compulsory preferential voting. The two Houses meet in separate chambers of Parliament House on Capital Hill in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

The present Parliament, as elected at the 2010 election, is the 43rd Federal Parliament since Federation. It is the first hung parliament in the House of Representatives since the 1940 election, with Labor and the Coalition winning 72 seats each of 150 total. Six crossbenchers hold the balance of power: Greens MP Adam Bandt and independent MPs Andrew Wilkie, Rob Oakeshott and Tony Windsor declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply, independent MP Bob Katter and National Party of Western Australia MP Tony Crook declared their support for the Coalition on confidence and supply. The resulting 76–74 margin entitled Labor to form a minority government. The Labor government increased their parliamentary majority on 24 November 2011 from 75–74 to 76–73 when the Coalition's Peter Slipper became Speaker of the House of Representatives, replacing Labor's Harry Jenkins. This majority was reduced to 75 once more, when Wilkie withdrew his support for the Gillard government on 21 January 2012. This reduced to 74 once more with Slipper not voting when he temporarily stood down from the Speaker's role, and Anna Burke (ALP) became acting Speaker. National Party of Western Australia MP Tony Crook joined the Coalition in 2012, increasing the Coalition's numbers to 72. Craig Thomson was elected as an ALP member but quit the party in 2012. This means that the Government holds 71 seats and the opposition holds 72. The situation changed yet again on 9 October 2012, when Peter Slipper resigned as Speaker and returned to the back bench, resuming his voting rights as an independent member. Anna Burke was elected Speaker in her own right the same day.

In the 76-seat Senate, where no party tends to have a majority of seats, the Greens gained the sole balance of power with a total of nine seats, previously holding a shared balance of power with the Family First Party and independent Nick Xenophon. Labor holding 31 seats, they require an additional eight non-Labor votes to pass legislation. The Coalition holds 34 seats, while the two remaining seats are occupied by Xenophon and Democratic Labor Party Senator John Madigan.