Runic Orthography and Transcription
See also: Younger Futhark, Medieval runes, and Runic transliteration and transcriptionThe following table associates the phonemes of the language to its orthographic representations. Vowel nasalization and length are not distinguished in the table when distinguished in neither orthography, nor is /æi/ distinguished from /æ/+/i/.
| Runic orthography of Old Norse vowels | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoneme | /i(ː)/ | /eː/ | /i/U, /e/ | /æ(ː)/ | /y(ː)/ | /ø(ː)/ | /u(ː)/ | /u/U | /o(ː)/ | /ɑ(ː)/ | /ɒ(ː)/ | /ɑ̃(ː)/ | /ɒu/, /ɐy/ |
| Younger Futhark, 8th-12th c. | ᛁ | ᛆ/ᛅ, ᚬ/ᚭ | ᚢ | ᚢ, ᚬ/ᚭ | ᛆ/ᛅ | ᛆ/ᛅ, ᛅᚢ/ᛆᚢ | ᚬ/ᚭ | ᛅᚢ/ᛆᚢ | |||||
| Medieval Runes, 11th-14th c. | ᛁ | ᛂ | ᛅ | ᚤ, ᛦ | ᚯ | ᚢ | ᚮ | ᛆ | ᛆᚢ | ||||
| Runic orthography of Old Norse consonants | |||||||||||||
| Phone(me) | /p/ | /b/ | /f/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /s/ | /k/ | /g/ | /h/ | |||
| Younger Futhark, 8th-12th c. | ᛒ | ᚠ | ᛏ | ᚦ | ᛋ | ᚴ | ᚼ | ||||||
| Medieval Runes, 11th-14th c. | ᛒ | ᛔ | ᚠ | ᚡ | ᛐ | ᛑ | ᚦ | ᚧ | ᛌ | ᚴ | ᚵ | ᚼ | |
| Phoneme | /m/ | /n/ | /ɾ/ | /ɽ/ | /l/ | /j/ | /w/ | /Cː/ | |||||
| Younger Futhark, 8th-12th c. | ᛘ | ᚾ | ᚱ | ᛦ | ᛚ | ᛁ | ᚢ | N/A | |||||
| Medieval Runes, 11th-14th c. | ᛘ | ᚿ | ᚱ | ᛧ | ᛚ | ᛁ | ᚢ | C, CC | |||||
- U: Unstressed
Read more about this topic: Old Norse Orthography
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