Short-term and Long-term Effects of Withdrawal
Early effects of withdrawal from nicotine addiction include deficiencies in basal dopamine levels that might initiate drug-seeking and usage. Additionally, withdrawal from nicotine creates a hypo-functional state in the body which results in low brain activity. Other withdrawal symptoms that last for 3 to 7 days include irritability, insomnia, acute headaches, restlessness, depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite and dizziness. Repeated exposures to nicotine, followed by withdrawal, induce a persistent increase in brain reward function and sensitivity to the nicotine and endurance of the effects in neuronal nicotinic receptors. Patients in a cessation program often experience craving for nicotine in the couple of months after quitting. There many other factors like depression that are induced by nicotine withdrawal - for example, individuals who are more susceptible to depression use nicotine to mask this disease and, when quitting, have a 25% chance of becoming more depressed when they quit, a risk which endures for 6 to 7 months.
Read more about this topic: Nicotine Withdrawal
Famous quotes containing the words short-term, long-term, effects and/or withdrawal:
“I still believe that if your aim is to change the world, journalism is a more immediate short-term weapon.”
—Tom Stoppard (b. 1937)
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—Jane Mersky Leder (20th century)
“Virtues are not emotions. Emotions are movements of appetite, virtues dispositions of appetite towards movement. Moreover emotions can be good or bad, reasonable or unreasonable; whereas virtues dispose us only to good. Emotions arise in the appetite and are brought into conformity with reason; virtues are effects of reason achieving themselves in reasonable movements of the appetites. Balanced emotions are virtue’s effect, not its substance.”
—Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274)
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—Roger Gould (20th century)