National Steel Corporation

The National Steel Corporation (1929–2003) was a major American steel producer. It was founded in 1929 through a merger arranged by Weirton Steel with some properties of the Great Lakes Steel Corporation and M.A. Hanna Company. Despite a difficult market in Depression-setting 1930, the company reported USD 8.4 million in profits. Again, in 1931 the company was profitable unlike many other competitors. The company could attribute its success primarily to sales to the automobile industry. Large steel producing operations were located near Detroit, providing the company with low shipping costs. Throughout the Great Depression, National Steel obtained profitability every year.

The post-World War II years brought about record profits for the company as steel was in high demand. The company continued to post healthy profits in the 70s, although the latter half of the decade saw some sharp and turbulent profit slumps. The increasing consumption of foreign-imported steel was often an attributed problem. United Financial, a savings and loan, was acquired in 1979, adding another sundry item for its portfolio.

Beginning in 1980, the company reported a serious loss of demand and with it profits in its core steel business. A roller coaster earnings surge the next year crashed down the year after that due to a further increase in imports and low demand. In 1983, shareholders agreed to create National Intergroup, a holding company, and merge the steel business as one many units into it. The corporate reorganization was a further step to an already initiated arrangement that started in 1982, which broke the company into six independently managed units. The move was intended to better administer the company which had become diversified away from steel into aluminum and financial services. That same year, the workers of the Weirton mill purchased their operation from National Steel, forming an independent employee-owned corporation.

In February 1984, Nippon Kokan K.K., a major Japanese steel producer, acquired 50% of National Steel from National Intergroup for USD 292 million. Later in 1990, the Japanese firm would claim another 20% share from National Intergroup, which was eager to sell the steel business. The company stumbled through troubled years as it shed thousands of workers and stared down bankruptcy in 1991.

In 1994 the company caused a stir in the industry by terminating nearly all of its vice presidents, as well as its President and CFO, and replaced them by hiring nearly the complete executive staff of the US Steel Gary Works, including V. John Goodwin who was named the new President of National Steel. US Steel was incensed and filed a lawsuit which was settled out of court. However these drastic leadership changes were short-lived, as by 1996 Goodwin was gone, the result of a bitter dispute with the Japanese ownership. By 1998 nearly all of the US expatriates had jumped ship.

The darkest days of National's management history occurred in 2000, when an internal auditor, tipped off by an informer, discovered that longtime executive James Squires was receiving millions of dollars in kickbacks from scrap suppliers. This was an especially painful event for the company because Squires had been hailed as a "self made man" who had advanced from a mill laborer to a Senior Vice President over the course of his 42 year career, and had professed to be the pinnacle of financial stewardship. Nevertheless in August 2001, Squires was convicted in Federal Court of receiving kickbacks, and in 2002 was sentenced to two years imprisonment. Later he was forced to pay National approximately $3,000,000 in a civil law suit. In his allocution at sentencing, Squires noted, apologetically, that he had taken the improper payments because the company was promoting "Harvard MBA's" more rapidly than it was promoting him. The truth of the matter, however, was that National Steel did not have any Harvard MBA's within its ranks, let alone any who were promoted ahead of Squires.

The company then lumbered along for the next few years, hampered by doddering executive management. Bankruptcy was then filed in 2002, the result of a deep depression in the industry at the time combined with the laggard leadership.

The company would never enjoy extended periods of profit. Finally in March 2002, the company filed for bankruptcy with only $2.3 billion in assets for $2.6 billion in debt. After a bidding war between AK Steel and US Steel, in May 2003 the remains of National Steel were sold to US Steel for USD 850 million and the assumption of USD 200 million in debt. US Steel continues to operate National's Keewatin mining operation and pellet plant under the new name of Keewatin Taconite or Keetac.