Comparison With Electric Flux
By way of contrast, Gauss's law for electric fields, another of Maxwell's equations, is
where
- E is the electric field,
- S is any closed surface,
- Q is the total electric charge inside the surface S,
- ε0 is the electric constant (a universal constant, also called the "permittivity of free space").
Note that the flux of E through a closed surface is not always zero; this indicates the presence of "electric monopoles", that is, free positive or negative charges.
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