Examples
A single lone pair can be found with atoms in the nitrogen group such as nitrogen in ammonia, two lone pairs can be found with atoms in the chalcogen group such as oxygen in water and the halogens can carry three lone pairs such as in hydrochloric acid.
In simple valence bond theory the oxygen atom in water is sp3 hybridized with the lone pairs in equal sp3 orbitals. The H–O–H bond angle is with 104.5°, less than the 109° predicted for a tetrahedral angle, and this can be explained by a repulsive interaction between the lone pairs.
Read more about this topic: Lone Pair
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