London Dispersion Force

London Dispersion Force

London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces, or loosely van der Waals forces) is a type of force acting between atoms and molecules. They are part of the van der Waals forces. The LDF is named after the German-American physicist Fritz London.

The LDF is a weak intermolecular force arising from quantum induced instantaneous polarization multipoles in molecules. They can therefore act between molecules without permanent multipole moments. Fritz london asked the scientific world some qs Q Why 02 is liquefiable Q why He is liquefiable London forces are exhibited by nonpolar molecules because of the correlated movements of the electrons in interacting molecules. Because the electrons from different molecules start "fleeing" and avoiding each other, electron density in a molecule becomes redistributed in proximity to another molecule, (see quantum mechanical theory of dispersion forces). This is frequently described as formation of "instantaneous dipoles" that attract each other. London forces are present between all chemical groups and usually represent the main part of the total interaction force in condensed matter, even though they are generally weaker than ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds.

This is the only attractive intermolecular force present between neutral atoms (e.g., a noble gas). Without London forces, there would be no attractive force between noble gas atoms, and they wouldn't exist in liquid form.

London forces become stronger as the atom or molecule in question becomes larger. This is due to the increased polarizability of molecules with larger, more dispersed electron clouds. This trend is exemplified by the halogens (from smallest to largest: F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂). Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. The London forces also become stronger with larger amounts of surface contact. Greater surface area means closer interaction between different molecules.