Materials and Construction
The increasing demand for batteries has led vendors and academics to focus on improving the power density, operating temperature, safety, durability, charging time, output power, and cost of LIB solutions.
| Area | Technology | Researchers | Target application | Date | Benefit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cathode | Manganese spinel (LMO) | Lucky Goldstar Chemical, NEC, Samsung, Hitachi, Nissan/AESC | Hybrid electric vehicle, cell phone, laptop | 1996 | durability, cost |
| Lithium iron phosphate | University of Texas/Hydro-Québec,/Phostech Lithium Inc., Valence Technology, A123Systems/MIT | Segway Personal Transporter, power tools, aviation products, automotive hybrid systems, PHEV conversions | 1996 | moderate density (2 A·h outputs 70 amperes) operating temperature >60 °C (140 °F) | |
| Lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) | Imara Corporation, Nissan Motor, Microvast Inc. | 2008 | density, output, safety | ||
| LMO/NMC | Sony, Sanyo | power, safety (although limited durability) | |||
| Lithium iron fluorophosphate | University of Waterloo | 2007 | durability, cost (replace Li with Na or Na/Li) | ||
| Lithium air | University of Dayton Research Institute | automotive | 2009 | density, safety | |
| 5% Vanadium-doped Lithium iron phosphate olivine | Binghamton University | 2008 | output | ||
| Lithium iron phosphate olivine nanoparticle manufactured using supercritical water technology | Dr. Junjie Gu and Dr. Jie Liu, Carleton University | automotive, mission critical applications | 2011 | safety, density, life | |
| Anode | Lithium-titanate battery (LT) | Altairnano, Microvast Inc. | automotive (Phoenix Motorcars), electrical grid (PJM Interconnection Regional Transmission Organization control area, United States Department of Defense), bus (Proterra) | 2008 | output, charging time, durability (20 years, 9,000 cycles), safety, operating temperature (-50–70 °C (-58–158 °F) |
| Lithium vanadium oxide | Samsung/Subaru. | automotive | 2007 | density (745Wh/l) | |
| Cobalt-oxide nanowires from genetically modified virus | MIT | 2006 | density, thickness | ||
| Three-Dimensional (3D) Porous Particles Composed of Curved Two-Dimensional (2D) Nano-Sized Layers | Georgia Institute of Technology | high energy batteries for electronics and electrical vehicles | 2011 | specific capacity > 2000 mA·h/g, high efficiency, rapid low-cost synthesis | |
| Iron-phosphate nanowires from genetically modified virus | MIT | 2009 | density, thickness | ||
| Silicon/titanium dioxide composite nanowires from genetically modified tobacco virus | University of Maryland | explosive detection sensors, biomimetic structures, water-repellent surfaces, micro/nano scale heat pipes | 2010 | density, low charge time | |
| Silicon whisker on carbon nanofiber composite | Dr. Junqing Ma, Physical sciences, Inc. | portable electronics, electrical vehicles, electrical grid | 2009 | high capacity, good cycle life, fast rate, low charge time | |
| nano-sized wires on stainless steel | Stanford University | wireless sensors networks, | 2007 | density (shift from anode- to cathode-limited), durability issue remains (wire cracking) | |
| Metal hydrides | Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des Solides, General Motors | 2008 | density (1480 mA·h/g) | ||
| Silicon Nanotubes (or Silicon Nanospheres) Confined within Rigid Carbon Outer Shells | Georgia Institute of Technology, MSE, NanoTech Yushin's group | stable high energy batteries for cell phones, laptops, netbooks, radios, sensors and electrical vehicles | 2010 | specific capacity 2400 mA·h/g, ultra-high Coulombic Efficiency and outstanding SEI stability | |
| Silicon nano-powder in a conductive polymer binder | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division | Automotive and Electronics | 2011 | high capacity anodes (1400 mA·h/g) with good cycling characteristics | |
| Silicon oxide-coated double-walled silicon nanotubes | Yi Cui/Stanford University | Automotive and electronics | 2012 | Durability (6,000 charge cycles) | |
| Water | Polyplus Corporation | Marine | 2012 | Power density: 1500 watt-hours/kg. Non-rechargeable. | |
| Air | IBM, Polyplus | Automotive | 2012 | Power density: up to 10,000 mA·h/g. Rechargeable. | |
| Electrode | LT/LMO | Ener1/Delphi, | 2006 | durability, safety (limited density) | |
| Nanostructure | Université Paul Sabatier/Université Picardie Jules Verne | 2006 | density | ||
| Nanophosphate | A123 Systems | Automotive | 2012 | Operation at high and low ambient temperature |
Read more about this topic: Lithium-ion Battery
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