Substitution of The Head of State
Sometimes in the Italian republican history, various politicians had to substitute for the Head of State who had dismissed. But only Enrico De Nicola, who was elected as Provisional Head of State by the Constitutional Assembly on 28 June 1946, had an official title and placed his residence in the Quirinal Palace. All the other men took only the powers, but not the title, of Head of State. After the adoption of the Italian Constitution in 1948, the President of the Senate is eligible to take the powers of Head of State in case of absence of the President of the Republic.
- Alcide De Gasperi, born in 1881 and died in 1954, exercised the powers of Provisional Head of State as Prime Minister of Italy between the departure of King Humbert II on 12 June 1946, and the proclamation of Enrico de Nicola as Head of State by the Constitutional Assembly on 1 July 1946.
- Enrico De Nicola, born in 1877 and died in 1959, was the only man who had the title, and not only the powers, of Provisional Head of State. He assumed the office on 1 July 1946, and became officially the President of the Republic on 1 January 1948, as ordered by the new Constitution.
- Cesare Merzagora, born in 1898 and died in 1991, being the President of the Senate, took the provisional substitution of President Segni after his mental ictus of 10 August 1964, and the ordinary substitution after his resignation of 6 December. He exercised the powers until 29 December 1964.
- Amintore Fanfani, born in 1908 and died in 1999, being the President of the Senate, took the substitution of President Leone after his resignation for a bribery scandal on 15 June 1978. He exercised the powers until 9 July 1978.
- Francesco Cossiga, born in 1928 died in 2010, being the President of the Senate, took the substitution of President Pertini on 29 June 1985, just four days before assuming the office of President of the Republic.
- Giovanni Spadolini, born in 1925 and died in 1994, being the President of the Senate, took the substitution of President Cossiga on 28 April 1992. He exercised the powers until 28 May 1992.
- Nicola Mancino, born in 1931, being the President of the Senate, took the substitution of President Scalfaro on 15 May 1999. He exercised the powers until 18 May 1999.
Read more about this topic: List Of Presidents Of Italy
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“To play is nothing but the imitative substitution of a pleasurable, superfluous and voluntary action for a serious, necessary, imperative and difficult one. At the cradle of play as well as of artistic activity there stood leisure, tedium entailed by increased spiritual mobility, a horror vacui, the need of letting forms no longer imprisoned move freely, of filling empty time with sequences of notes, empty space with sequences of form.”
—Max J. Friedländer (1867–1958)
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