S
- Mendel Sachs — United States (born 1927)
- Robert G. Sachs — United States (1916–1999)
- Carl Sagan — United States (1934–1996)
- Georges-Louis le Sage — Switzerland (1724–1803)
- Georges Sagnac — France (1869–1926)
- Megh Nad Saha — Bengali India (1893–1956)
- Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov — Soviet Union (1929–1989)
- Oscar Sala — Brazil (1922–2010)
- Abdus Salam — Pakistan, UK (1926–1996) Nobel laureate
- Edwin Ernest Salpeter — Austria, Australia, United States (1924–2008)
- Anthony Ichiro Sanda — Japan, United States (born 1944)
- Vikram Sarabhai — India (1919–1971)
- Isidor Sauers — Austria (born 1948)
- Félix Savart — France (1791–1841)
- Martin Schadt — Switzerland (born 1938)
- Arthur Leonard Schawlow — United States (1921–1999)
- Craige Schensted — United States
- Joël Scherk — United States (1946–1979)
- Otto Scherzer — Germany (1909–1982)
- Walter H. Schottky — Germany (1886–1976)
- Kees A. Schouhamer Immink — Netherlands (born 1946)
- John Robert Schrieffer — United States (born 1931)
- Erwin Schrödinger — Austria-Hungary (1887–1961)
- Melvin Schwartz — United States (1932–2006)
- John Henry Schwarz — United States (born 1941)
- Karl Schwarzschild — Germany (1876–1916)
- Julian Schwinger — United States (1918–1994) Nobel laureate
- Dennis William Sciama — UK (1926–1999)
- Thomas Johann Seebeck — Estonia (1770–1831)
- Raymond Seeger — United States (1906–1992)
- Emilio G. Segrè — United States, Italy (1905–1989) Nobel laureate
- Nathan Seiberg — United States (born 1956)
- Frederick Seitz — United States (1911–2008)
- Nikolay Semyonov — Russia (1896–1986)
- Ashoke Sen — India (born 1956)
- Robert Serber — United States (1909–1997)
- Roman U. Sexl — Austria (1939–1986)
- Mikhail Shifman — Russia, United States (born 1949)
- Dmitry Shirkov — Russia (born 1928)
- William Bradford Shockley — United States (1910–1989)
- Lev Shubnikov — Russia, Netherlands, Ukraine (1901–1937)
- Clifford Shull — United States (1915–2001)
- Manne Siegbahn — Sweden (1886–1978)
- Kai Siegbahn — Sweden (1918–2007)
- Ludwik Silberstein — Poland, Germany, Italy, United States, Canada (1872–1948)
- Willem de Sitter — Netherlands (1872–1934)
- Francis G. Slack — United States (1897–1985)
- John C. Slater — United States (1900–1976)
- Louis Slotin — United States (1910–1946)
- Alexei Smirnov — Russia, Italy (born 1951)
- Lee Smolin — United States (born 1955)
- Marian Smoluchowski — Poland (1872–1917)
- George Smoot — United States (born 1945)
- Willebrord Snel van Royen (Snellius) — Netherlands (1580–1626)
- Arsenij Sokolov — Russia (1910–1986)
- Arnold Sommerfeld — Germany (1868–1951)
- Bent Sørensen — Denmark (born 1941)
- Rafael Sorkin — United States (born 1945)
- Maria Spiropulu — West Macedonia, Greece (born 1970)
- Johannes Stark — Germany (1874–1957)
- Max Steenbeck — (1901–1981)
- Jožef Stefan — Austria-Hungary, Slovenia (1835–1893)
- Jack Steinberger — Germany, United States (born 1921)
- Karl August von Steinheil — Germany (1801–1870)
- George Sterman — United States (born 1946)
- Otto Stern — Germany (1888–1969)
- Simon Stevin — Belgium, Netherlands (1548–1620)
- George Gabriel Stokes — Ireland, UK (1819–1903)
- Aleksandr Stoletov — Russia (1839–1896)
- Horst Ludwig Störmer — Germany (born 1949)
- Andrew Strominger — United States (born 1955)
- Ernst Stueckelberg — Switzerland (1905–1984)
- George Sudarshan — India, United States (born 1931)
- Rashid Sunyaev - Uzbek SSR (born 1943)
- Oleg Sushkov — Australia-Russia (born 1950)
- Leonard Susskind — United States (born 1940)
- Joseph Wilson Swan — UK (1828–1914)
- Jean Henri van Swinden — Netherlands (1746–1823)
- Bertha Swirles — UK (1903–1999)
- Leó Szilárd — Austria-Hungary, United States (1898–1964)
- Shen Kuo — China (1031–1095)
- Andrei Sakharov — Moscow
- Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov — Soviet union
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